Sensory ataxic neuropathy in golden retriever dogs is caused by a deletion in the mitochondrial tRNATyr gene
Open accessAbstract
Sensory ataxic neuropathy (SAN) is a recently identified neurological disorder in golden retrievers. Pedigree analysis revealed that all affected dogs belong to one maternal lineage, and a statistical analysis showed that the disorder has a mitochondrial origin. A one base pair deletion in the mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) gene was identified at position 5304 in affected dogs after re-sequencing the complete mitochondrial genome of seven individuals. The deletion was not found among dogs representing 18 different breeds or in six wolves, ruling out this as a common polymorphism. The mutation could be traced back to a common ancestor of all affected dogs that lived in the 1970s. We used a quantitative oligonucleotide ligation assay to establish the degree of heteroplasmy in blood and tissue samples from affected dogs and controls. Affected dogs and their first to fourth degree relatives had 0-11% wild-type (wt) sequence, while more distant relatives ranged between 5% and 60% wt sequence and all unrelated golden retrievers had 100% wt sequence. Northern blot analysis showed that tRNA(Tyr) had a 10-fold lower steady-state level in affected dogs compared with controls. Four out of five affected dogs showed decreases in mitochondrial ATP production rates and respiratory chain enzyme activities together with morphological alterations in muscle tissue, resembling the changes reported in human mitochondrial pathology. Altogether, these results provide conclusive evidence that the deletion in the mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) gene is the causative mutation for SAN.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A naturally occurring canine model of mitochondrial disease has been reported recently.
“Only very recently has a naturally occurring canine model of mitochondrial disease been reported.”
From Mitochondrial DNA mutations and human disease (2010) · cites this paper as [150]
A single heteroplasmic mt-tRNA Tyr deletion (m.5304delT of dog mtDNA) is responsible for sensory ataxic neuropathy in golden retrievers.
“A single heteroplasmic mt-tRNA Tyr deletion (m.5304delT of dog mtDNA) has been found to be responsible for the neurological disorder sensory ataxic neuropathy in golden retrievers [150].”
From Mitochondrial DNA mutations and human disease (2010) · cites this paper as [150]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Primer3 on the WWW for General Users and for Biologist Programmers
Rozen, S., & Skaletsky, H. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-192-2:365 · Cited by 14,952 · see citing works
Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase
Trifunovic, A., Wredenberg, A., Falkenberg, M., Spelbrink, J. N., Rovio, A. T., Bruder, C. E., Bohlooly-Y, M., Gidlöf, S., Oldfors, A., Wibom, R., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02517 · Cited by 2,734 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease
Taylor, R. W., & Turnbull, D. M. (2005) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1606 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Respiratory-Chain Diseases
DiMauro, S., & Schon, E. A. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra022567 · Cited by 1,650 · see citing works
Strong Purifying Selection in Transmission of Mammalian Mitochondrial DNA
Stewart, J. B., Freyer, C., Elson, J. L., Wredenberg, A., Cansu, Z., Trifunović, A., & Larsson, N. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060010 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Self-citationInherited mitochondrial optic neuropathies
Yu‐Wai‐Man, P., Griffiths, P. G., Hudson, G., & Chinnery, P. F. (2008) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.054270 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
DiMauro, S., & Davidzon, G. (2005) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890510007368 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hfq-dependent regulation of OmpA synthesis is mediated by an antisense RNAPreprint
Udekwu, K., Darfeuille, F., Vogel, J., Reimegård, J., Holmqvist, E., & Wagner, E. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.354405 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased mitochondrial mass in mitochondrial myopathy mice
Wredenberg, A., Wibom, R., Wilhelmsson, H., Graff, C., Wiener, H. H., Burden, S. J., Oldfors, A., Westerblad, H., & Larsson, N.-G. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.232591499 · Cited by 302 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Increased citrate synthase activity is frequently observed in mitochondrial disorders and is thought to reflect mitochondrial proliferation in response to energy deficit in the diseased tissue [12,15].”
Self-citationTaylor, R. W., Giordano, C., Davidson, M. M., d’Amati, G., Bain, H. H., Hayes, C. M., Leonard, H., Barron, M. J., Casali, C., Santorelli, F. M., et al. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00300-0 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Wibom, R., Hagenfeldt, L., & von Döbeln, U. (2002) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00424-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of disease-related mitochondrial mutations on tRNA structure and function
Wittenhagen, L. M. (2003) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2003.09.006 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pathology of skeletal muscle in mitochondrial disorders
Bourgeois, J. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2004) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2004.07.036 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease
Greaves, L. C., & Taylor, R. W. (2006) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1080/15216540600686888 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Human mitochondrial transfer RNAs: Role of pathogenic mutation in disease
Scaglia, F., & Wong, L. C. (2007) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20917 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bindoff, L. A., Desnuelle, C., Birch‐Machin, M. A., Pellissier, J., Serratrice, G., Dravet, C., Bureau, M., Howell, N., & Turnbull, D. M. (1991) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(91)90088-o · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Scaglia, F., Vogel, H. S., Hawkins, E. P., Vladutiu, G. D., Liu, L., & Wong, L. C. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20315 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Canine spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy is associated with a missense mutation in cytochrome b
Li, F.-Y., Cuddon, P. A., Song, J. C., Wood, S. L., Patterson, J. S., Shelton, G. D., & Duncan, I. D. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.06.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A novel mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA Tyr gene associated with exercise intolerance
Pulkes, T., Siddiqui, A. T. S., MORGAN-HUGHES, J. A., & Hanna, M. G. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.8.1210 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Breitschwerdt, E. B., Kornegay, J. N., Wheeler, S. J., Stevens, J. B., & Baty, C. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1992.201.05.731 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Age-associated mosaic respiratory chain deficiency causes trans-neuronal degeneration
Dufour, É., Terzioglu, M., Sterky, F. H., Sorensen, L., Galter, D., Olson, L., Wilbertz, J. H., & Larsson, N. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn030 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationSuspected mitochondrial myopathy in a Jack Russell terrier
Olby, N. J., Chan, K. K., Targett, M. P., & Houlton, J. E. F. (1997) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03346.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Vijayasarathy, C., Giger, U., Prociuk, U., Patterson, D. F., Breitschwerdt, E. B., & Avadhani, N. G. (1994) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)90236-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
CPEO associated with a single nucleotide deletion in the mitochondrial tRNA Tyr gene
Raffelsberger, T., Rossmanith, W., Thaller-Antlanger, H., & Bittner, R. E. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.12.2298 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Graff, C., Bui, T., & Larsson, N. (2002) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1053/beog.2002.0315 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationA Neurologic Syndrome in Golden Retrievers Presenting as a Sensory Ataxic Neuropathy
Jäderlund, K. H., Örvind, E., Johnsson, E., Matiasek, K., HAHN, C. N., Malm, S., & Hedhammar, Å. A. (2007) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1892/07-005.1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSahashi, K., Yoneda, M., Ohno, K., Tanaka, M., Ibi, T., & Sahashi, K. (2001) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.38.10.703 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biochemical evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in canine skeletal muscle
Wakshlag, J. J., Cooper, B. J., Wakshlag, R. R., Kallfelz, F. A., Barr, S. C., Nydam, D. V., & DiMauro, S. (2004) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.480 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fatal neonatal lactic acidosis with respiratory insufficiency due to complex I and IV deficiency
von Döbeln, U., Wibom, R., Åhlman, H., Nennesmo, I., Nyctelius, H., Hultman, E., & Hagenfeldt, L. (1993) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12818.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationVielhaber, S., Varlamov, D. A., Kudina, T. A., Schröder, R., Kappes‐Horn, K., Elger, C. E., Seibel, M., Seibel, P., & Kunz, W. S. (2002) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/61.10.885 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khan (2000) · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mitochondrial DNA mutations and human disease
Tuppen, H. A. L., Blakely, E. L., Turnbull, D. M., & Taylor, R. W. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.09.005 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
“[150].”
Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs
Bergström, A., Frantz, L., Schmidt, R., Ersmark, E., Lebrasseur, O., Girdland-Flink, L., Lin, A. T., Storå, J., Sjögren, K.-G., Anthony, D., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba9572 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Genetic structure in village dogs reveals a Central Asian domestication origin
Shannon, L. M., Boyko, R. H., Castelhano, M. G., Corey, E. E., Hayward, J. J., McLean, C., White, M. E., Said, M. A., Anita, B. A., Ikombe, N. B., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516215112 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Genetic Pathways of Aging and Their Relevance in the Dog as a Natural Model of Human Aging
Sándor, S., & Kubinyi, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00948 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Domestic animals as models for biomedical research
Andersson, L. (2015) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/03009734.2015.1091522 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationGranger, N. P. (2010) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Animal models of human mitochondrial DNA mutations
Dunn, D. A., Cannon, M. V., Irwin, M. H., & Pinkert, C. A. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Current progress with mammalian models of mitochondrial DNA disease
Stewart, J. B. (2020) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1002/jimd.12324 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Queen, R. A., Steyn, J. S., Lord, P., & Elson, J. L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187862 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Dog mitochondrial genome sequencing to enhance dog mtDNA discrimination power in forensic casework
Verscheure, S., Backeljau, T., & Desmyter, S. (2014) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tkaczyk‐Wlizło, A., Kowal, K., & Ślaska, B. (2022) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2022.02.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Genomic diversity and population structure of the Leonberger dog breed
Letko, A., Minor, K. M., Jagannathan, V., Seefried, F. R., Mickelson, J. R., Oliehoek, P. A., & Drögemüller, C. (2020) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12711-020-00581-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
DNA Testing in Neurologic Diseases
O’Brien, D. P., & Leeb, T. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.12383 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tetraparesis, Hemiparesis, and Ataxia
Lorenz, M. D., Coates, J. R., & Kent, M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0651-2.10007-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Dog Model in the Spotlight: Legacy of a Trustful Cooperation
Barthélémy, I., Hitte, C., & Tiret, L. (2019) · Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases · doi:10.3233/jnd-190394 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Reviewing population studies for forensic purposes: Dog mitochondrial DNA
Verscheure, S., Backeljau, T., & Desmyter, S. (2013) · ZooKeys · doi:10.3897/zookeys.365.5859 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup phylogeny of the dog: Proposal for a cladistic nomenclature
Fregel, R., Suárez, N. M., Betancor, E., González, A. M., Cabrera, V. M., & Pestano, J. (2015) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2015.04.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hughes, A. L. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.064 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Granger, N. P., Feliu‐Pascual, A. L., Spicer, C., Ricketts, S. L., Hitti‐Malin, R. J., Forman, O. P., Hersheson, J., & Houlden, H. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.7983 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Overview of Canine Inherited Neurological Disorders with Known Causal Variants
Cocostîrc, V., Paștiu, A. I., & PUSTA, D. L. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13223568 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Amengual‐Batle, P., Rusbridge, C., José‐López, R., Golini, L., Shelton, G. D., Mellersh, C. S., & Gutierrez‐Quintana, R. (2018) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15312 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liang, K. X., Kristiansen, C. K., Vatne, G. H., Hong, Y., & Bindoff, L. A. (2020) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03164-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Novosel, D., Brajković, V., Simčić, M., Zorc, M., Švara, T., Branović, K., Jungić, A., Logar, B., Čubrić-Ćurik, V., Dovč, P., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116335 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
O’Keefe, H., Queen, R. A., Lord, P., & Elson, J. L. (2019) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.12851 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Brajković, V., Hršak, D., Bradic, L., Turkalj, K., Novosel, D., Ristov, S., Ajmone‐Marsan, P., Colli, L., Čubrić-Ćurik, V., Sölkner, J., et al. (2023) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105299 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Horan, M. P., Rumbley, J. N., Melvin, R. G., Couteur, D. G. L., & Ballard, J. W. O. (2013) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.144 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Animal medical genetics: a perspective on the epidemiology and control of inherited disorders
Jolly, R., Dittmer, K. E., & Blair, H. (2015) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2015.1129296 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shelton, G. D., Mickelson, J. R., Friedenberg, S. G., Cullen, J. N., Mehra, J. M., Guo, L. T., & Minor, K. M. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14131946 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Diagnosis of mitochondrial defects: livestock diseases
Schilling-Tóth, B. M., Kiss, D. S., Németh, K., Ondrašovičová, S., Jócsák, G., Bartha, T., & Tóth, I. (2025) · Animal Diseases · doi:10.1186/s44149-025-00195-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jäderlund, K. H., Rohdin, C., Berendt, M., Stigen, Ø., Fredholm, M., Espenes, A., Bjerkås, I., & Moe, L. (2017) · Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/s13028-017-0295-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationOldfors, A., & Harding, B. N. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119013112.ch32 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A review of mitochondrial disease in dogs
Gomes, S. A. (2021) · Companion animal · doi:10.12968/coan.2021.0018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modeling Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disease
Komen, J. C., & Thorburn, D. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-701-3_12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects
Moura, E., Tasqueti, U. I., Rocha, R. M. V. M., Filho, J. R. E., de Farias, M. R., & Pimpão, C. T. (2022) · Topics in companion animal medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: Inherited neuropathies revisited
Matiasek, K., & Drögemüller, C. (2011) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Whole Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing Analysis of Canine Testicular Tumours
Tkaczyk‐Wlizło, A., Kowal, K., Śmiech, A., & Ślaska, B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25189944 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Animal inference on human mitochondrial diseases
Nardi, F., Frati, F., & Lió, P. (2016) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.02.002
Comment on “Proximal Myopathy due to m.5835G>A Mutation in Mitochondrial MT-TY Gene”
Finsterer, J., Scorza, C. A., FIORINI, A. C., & Scorza, F. A. (2019) · Case Reports in Neurological Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/3514894
(2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119225584.refs
Ziółkowska-Twarowska, K., Lasota, K., Kowal, K., Tkaczyk‐Wlizło, A., & Ślaska, B. (2025) · Animal Science Papers and Reports · doi:10.2478/aspr-2025-0016
Lorenzini, R., Attili, L., Crescenzo, M. D., & Pizzarelli, A. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16080897
Additional file 7 of Genomic diversity and population structure of the Leonberger dog breed
Letko, A., Minor, K. M., Jagannathan, V., Seefried, F. R., Mickelson, J. R., Oliehoek, P. A., & Drögemüller, C. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13093808
Mitochondrial genome aberrations in canine spleen tumours*
Tkaczyk‐Wlizło, A., Kowal, K., Śmiech, A., & Ślaska, B. (2026) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.2478/aoas-2026-0002
- Authors
- Baranowska, I., Jäderlund, K. H., Nennesmo, I., Holmqvist, E., Heidrich, N., Larsson, N.-G., Andersson, G., Wagner, E. G. H., Hedhammar, Å., Wibom, R., & Andersson, L.
- Affiliations
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Andersson, Leif
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-05-29
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1000499
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC2683749
- OpenAlex
- W2009633111
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
- Karolinska Institutet
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet
- Agria Djurförsäkring
- Svenska Kennelklubben
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Keywords
- sensory ataxic neuropathy, Golden Retriever, deletion mutations, mitochondrial disease, heteroplasmy, canine genetic disease, mitochondrial ATP production, respiratory chain enzyme activity, muscle pathology, pedigree analysis, causative mutations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ataxia, DNA, Mitochondrial, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Pedigree, RNA, Transfer, Tyr, Sequence Deletion, Genes, Mitochondrial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
