Cited by 307Ethics in Clinical ResearchStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Strategies for Increasing Recruitment to Randomised Controlled Trials: Systematic Review

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Caldwell, Patrina H. Y., Hamilton, Sana, Tan, Alvin, Craig, Jonathan C.·2010·PLoS Medicine

DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000368PMC PMC2976724

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Recruitment of participants into randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is critical for successful trial conduct. Although there have been two previous systematic reviews on related topics, the results (which identified specific interventions) were inconclusive and not generalizable. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of recruitment strategies for participation in RCTs. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A systematic review, using the PRISMA guideline for reporting of systematic reviews, that compared methods of recruiting individual study participants into an actual or mock RCT were included. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies. From over 16,000 titles or abstracts reviewed, 396 papers were retrieved and 37 studies were included, in which 18,812 of at least 59,354 people approached agreed to participate in a clinical RCT. Recruitment strategies were broadly divided into four groups: novel trial designs (eight studies), recruiter differences (eight studies), incentives (two studies), and provision of trial information (19 studies). Strategies that increased people's awareness of the health problem being studied (e.g., an interactive computer program [relative risk (RR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-2.18], attendance at an education session [RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28], addition of a health questionnaire [RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14-1.66]), or a video about the health condition (RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11-2.74), and also monetary incentives (RR1.39, 95% CI 1.13-1.64 to RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.28-1.84) improved recruitment. Increasing patients' understanding of the trial process, recruiter differences, and various methods of randomisation and consent design did not show a difference in recruitment. Consent rates were also higher for nonblinded trial design, but differential loss to follow up between groups may jeopardise the study findings. The study's main limitation was the necessity of modifying the search strategy with subsequent search updates because of changes in MEDLINE definitions. The abstracts of previous versions of this systematic review were published in 2002 and 2007. CONCLUSION: Recruitment strategies that focus on increasing potential participants' awareness of the health problem being studied, its potential impact on their health, and their engagement in the learning process appeared to increase recruitment to clinical studies. Further trials of recruitment strategies that target engaging participants to increase their awareness of the health problems being studied and the potential impact on their health may confirm this hypothesis. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

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P Caldwell, 2002, Strategies for recruitment to RCTs: a systematic review of controlled trials and observational studies.
P Caldwell, 2007, Systematic review of strategies for enhancing recruitment of participants for randomised controlled trials.
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Authors: Caldwell, P. H. Y., Hamilton, S., Tan, A., & Craig, J. C.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
Children's Hospital at Westmead (AU)
Corresponding author: Caldwell, Patrina H. Y.
ORCID: Caldwell, Patrina H. Y.
Hamilton, Sana
Craig, Jonathan C.
Venue: PLoS Medicine
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2010-11-09
Volume: 7
Issue: 11
Pages: e1000368
ISSN: 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
1549-1676
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000368
PMC: PMC2976724
OpenAlex: W2121847763
Cited by: 307
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: University of Sydney
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: randomized controlled trials, clinical trial participation, participant awareness, financial incentives, trial design, informed consent, loss to follow-up, mock trial, health education
MeSH terms: Humans, Patient Education as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sample Size

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Strategies for Increasing Recruitment to Randomised Controlled Trials: Systematic Review

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