The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Energy Density, Portion Size, and Eating Occasions: Contributions to Increased Energy Intake in the United States, 1977–2006
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Competing theories attempt to explain changes in total energy (TE) intake; however, a rigorous, comprehensive examination of these explanations has not been undertaken. Our objective was to examine the relative contribution of energy density (ED), portion size (PS), and the number of eating/drinking occasions (EOs) to changes in daily TE. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-78), Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (1989-91), and National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1994-98 and 2003-06) for adults (aged ≥19 y), we mathematically decompose TE (kcal/d) to understand the relative contributions of each component-PS (grams/EO), ED (kcal/g/EO) and EO(number)-to changes in TE over time. There was an increase in TE intake (+570 kcal/d) and the number of daily EOs (+1.1) between 1977-78 and 2003-06. The average PS increased between 1977-78 and 1994-98, then dropped slightly between 1994-98 and 2003-06, while the average ED remained steady between 1977-78 and 1989-91, then declined slightly between 1989-91 and 1994-98. Estimates from the decomposition statistical models suggest that between 1977-78 and 1989-91, annualized changes in PS contributed nearly 15 kcal/d/y to increases in TE, while changes in EO accounted for just 4 kcal/d/y. Between 1994-98 and 2003-06 changes in EO accounted for 39 kcal/d/y of increase and changes in PS accounted for 1 kcal/d/y of decline in the annualized change in TE. CONCLUSIONS: While all three components have contributed to some extent to 30-y changes in TE, changes in EO and PS have accounted for most of the change. These findings suggest a new focus for efforts to reduce energy imbalances in US adults.
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Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008
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The Contribution of Expanding Portion Sizes to the US Obesity Epidemic
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Self-citationChanges in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001
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Self-citationDietary underreporting by obese individuals—is it specific or non-specific?
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Trends in Energy Intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar Shifts Seen across Age Groups
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Self-citationMeasuring and explaining the change in life expectancies
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Increased Portion Size Leads to Increased Energy Intake in a Restaurant Meal
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Metadata
- Authors
- Duffey, K. J., & Popkin, B. M.
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-06-28
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e1001050
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- OpenAlex
- W2039597810
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 51
- FWCI
- 23.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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