Distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in zimbabwe: towards a national plan of action for control and elimination

Midzi, Nicholas; Mduluza, Takafira; Chimbari, Moses J.; Tshuma, Clement; Charimari, Lincoln; Mhlanga, Gibson; Manangazira, Portia; Munyati, Shungu M.; Phiri, Isaac; Mutambu, Susan L.; Midzi, Stanley S.; Ncube, Anastancia; Muranzi, Lawrence P.; Rusakaniko, Simbarashe; Mutapi, Francisca

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003014

Cited by 102Parasites and Host InteractionsMollusks and Parasites StudiesParasitic Diseases Research and Treatment

Distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in zimbabwe: towards a national plan of action for control and elimination

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Midzi, Nicholas, Mduluza, Takafira, Chimbari, Moses J., Tshuma, Clement, Charimari, Lincoln, Mhlanga, Gibson, Manangazira, Portia, Munyati, Shungu M. +7 more·2014·PLoS neglected tropical diseases

DOI 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003014PMC PMC4133179

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis and STH are among the list of neglected tropical diseases considered for control by the WHO. Although both diseases are endemic in Zimbabwe, no nationwide control interventions have been implemented. For this reason in 2009 the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care included the two diseases in the 2009-2013 National Health Strategy highlighting the importance of understanding the distribution and burden of the diseases as a prerequisite for elimination interventions. It is against this background that a national survey was conducted. METHODOLOGY: A countrywide cross-sectional survey was carried out in 280 primary schools in 68 districts between September 2010 and August 2011. Schistosoma haematobium was diagnosed using the urine filtration technique. Schistosoma mansoni and STH (hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides) were diagnosed using both the Kato Katz and formol ether concentration techniques. MAIN FINDINGS: Schistosomiasis was more prevalent country-wide (22.7%) than STH (5.5%). The prevalence of S. haematobium was 18.0% while that of S. mansoni was 7.2%. Hookworms were the most common STH with a prevalence of 3.2% followed by A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura with prevalence of 2.5% and 0.1%, respectively. The prevalence of heavy infection intensity as defined by WHO for any schistosome species was 5.8% (range 0%-18.3% in districts). Only light to moderate infection intensities were observed for STH species. The distribution of schistosomiasis and STH varied significantly between provinces, districts and schools (p<0.001). Overall, the prevalence of co-infection with schistosomiasis and STH was 1.5%. The actual co-endemicity of schistosomiasis and STH was observed in 43 (63.2%) of the 68 districts screened. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This study provided comprehensive baseline data on the distribution of schistosomiasis and STH that formed the basis for initiating a national control and elimination programme for these two neglected tropical diseases in Zimbabwe.

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The prevalence of S. haematobium is high (>50%) while the prevalence of S. mansoni and soil transmitted helminths (STH) is low (<15%) in Murewa district.
“The area was selected for this study because the prevalence of S. haematobium is high (>50%) while the prevalence of S. mansoni and soil transmitted helminths (STH) is low (<15%) [9].”
From Assessing early child development and its association with stunting and schistosome infections in rural Zimbabwean children using the Griffiths Scales of Child Development (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In Results, ‘Prevalence of combined schistosomiasis and STH’ reports 40.6% STH prevalence in Murehwa district, contrary to the claimed <15%. Table 6 in Results, ‘Treatment strategies’ places Murehwa in the ≥10% but <50% combined-schistosomiasis category, so its S. haematobium prevalence cannot exceed 50%. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
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Positive impact of preventative chemotherapy during a national helminth control program: Perception and KAP
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Interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha promoter region polymorphisms and susceptibility to urogenital schistosomiasis in young Zimbabwean children living in Schistosoma haematobium endemic regions
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Association of TNF (rs1800629) promoter polymorphism and schistosomiasis with sub‐microscopic asymptomaticPlasmodium falciparuminfections in a schistosomiasis‐endemic area in Zimbabwe
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Advanced machine learning approaches for predicting Neglected Tropical Disease co-endemicity in Kenya: A focus on soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, and lymphatic filariasis
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Impact of Indolent Schistosomiasis on Morbidity and Mortality from Respiratory Tract Infections in Preschool Age Children from a Schistosomiasis Endemic AreaPreprint
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Assessment of urine metabolite biomarkers for the detection of S. haematobium infection in pre-school aged children in a rural community in Zimbabwe
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Co-infections of Schistosoma mansoni and Helicobacter pylori in school-aged populations and implication for management and control practices in Niger State, Nigeria
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Plasma metabolite profiling for S. haematobium biomarkers of infection in pre-school aged children in Shamva District, Zimbabwe
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S. Haematobium Infection and Chemotherapy-Induced Changes in Interleukin-6 and Acute Phase Proteins Associated with Inflammation in School Children in a Schistosomiasis-Endemic Area
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Concealed urogenital schistosomiasis causing chronic pelvic pain: A case report
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Insufficient Water, Sanitation, and Healthcare Facilities Hinder Schistosomiasis Control in Endemic Areas: A Mixed Methods StudyPreprint
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A Study on behavioral Health Interventions for Neglected tropical diseases : What is missing in current health interventions?
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Inflammatory markers associated with male genital Schistosomiasis and HIV co-Infection.
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USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PREDICTING NEW BILHARZIA CASES IN CHILDREN AGED 15 YEARS AND BELOW AT GWERU PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL IN ZIMBABWE
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Identification of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni linear B-cell epitopes with diagnostic potential using in silico immunoinformatic tools and peptide microarray technology
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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices as well as determinant factors regarding urogenital schistosomiasis among school-aged children in rural communities: a cross-sectional study in the Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana
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Trends in the incidence of cancers of the male genital system and urinary bladder in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990–2019
Chokunonga, E., Borok, M. Z., Danso, A. P., Chirenje, M. Z., Makunike-Mutasa, R., Ndlovu, N., Liu, B., Mudavanhu, J., & Parkin, D. M. (2025) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-025-02044-w
Additional file 1 of One Health monitoring reveals invasive freshwater snail species, new records, and undescribed parasite diversity in Zimbabwe
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From district to community: fine-scale data and revised WHO guidance expand schistosomiasis treatment needs in Ethiopia and ZimbabwePreprint
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Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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A national geostatistical survey for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Zimbabwe following interruption of preventive chemotherapy
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Geographic Distribution and Prevalence of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths among Schoolchildren in Mozambique
Augusto, G., Nalá, R., Casmo, V., Sabonete, A., Mapaco, L. P., & Monteiro, J. (2009) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.08-0344 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Village and age based precision mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Chevakadzi ward of Shamva district in Zimbabwe
Midzi, N., Mutsaka‐Makuvaza, M. J., Lv, S., Qiang, Q.-Z., Li, H., Tang, L. L., Yu, X., Li, C.-L., Manengureni, T., Soko, W., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13202-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Precision and geographical prevalence mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school-aged children in selected districts of north-western Tanzania
Mazigo, H. D., Zinga, M. M., Kepha, S., Yard, E., McRae‐McKee, K., Kabona, G., Ngoma, D. D., & Nshala, A. (2022) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05547-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Surveys for Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminths in Luangwa, Kalabo and Serenje Districts of Zambia
Shawa, S. T., Mwase, E. T., & Simonsen, P. E. (2014) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Assessment of schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminths prevalence in school‐aged children and opportunities for integration of control in local health services in Kwilu Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
da Luz, R. I., Linsuke, S., Lutumba, P. T., Hasker, E. C., & Boelaert, M. (2017) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12965 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Authors: Midzi, N., Mduluza, T., Chimbari, M. J., Tshuma, C., Charimari, L., Mhlanga, G., Manangazira, P., Munyati, S. M., Phiri, I., Mutambu, S. L., Midzi, S. S., Ncube, A., Muranzi, L. P., Rusakaniko, S., & Mutapi, F.
Affiliations: University of Zimbabwe (ZW)
University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (ZW)
World Health Organization - Zimbabwe (ZW)
Biomedical Research and Training Institute (ZW)
National Institute of Health Research, Zimbabwe (ZW)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
Corresponding author: Mduluza, Takafira
ORCID: Midzi, Nicholas
Mduluza, Takafira
Chimbari, Moses J.
Manangazira, Portia
Phiri, Isaac
Rusakaniko, Simbarashe
Mutapi, Francisca
Venue: PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2014-08-14
Volume: 8
Issue: 8
Pages: e3014
ISSN: 1935-2727 (ISSN-L)
1935-2735
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003014
PMC: PMC4133179
OpenAlex: W2017482886
Cited by: 102
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 3.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS neglected tropical diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: World Health Organization
UNICEF
Wellcome Trust (095831)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Mollusks and Parasites Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
Keywords: schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, prevalence, infection intensity, co-infection, spatial distribution, elementary school students, neglected tropical diseases, Zimbabwe
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Helminthiasis, Humans, Male, Schistosomiasis, Soil, Zimbabwe, Prevalence, Coinfection

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Distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in zimbabwe: towards a national plan of action for control and elimination

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