Cited by 127Parasitic infections in humans and animalsParasites and Host InteractionsParasitic Diseases Research and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Toxocariasis in North America: A Systematic Review

Open access

Lee, Rachel M., Moore, Laura B., Bottazzi, Maria Elena, Hotez, Peter J.·2014·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

DOI 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003116PMC PMC4148222

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Toxocariasis is an important neglected tropical disease that can manifest as visceral or ocular larva migrans, or covert toxocariasis. All three forms pose a public health problem and cause significant morbidity in areas of high prevalence. To determine the burden of toxocariasis in North America, we conducted a systematic review of the literature following PRISMA guidelines. We found 18 articles with original prevalence, incidence, or case data for toxocariasis. Prevalence estimates ranged from 0.6% in a Canadian Inuit community to 30.8% in Mexican children with asthma. Commonly cited risk factors included: African-American race, poverty, male sex, and pet ownership or environmental contamination by animal feces. Increased prevalence of Toxocara spp. infection was linked in a group of case control studies conducted in Mexico to several high risk groups including waste pickers, asthmatic children, and inpatient psychiatry patients. Further research is needed to determine the true current burden of toxocariasis in North America; however the prevalence estimates gathered in this review suggest that the burden of disease is significant.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003116

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Neglected Infections of Poverty in the United States of America
Hotez, P. J. (2008) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000256 · Cited by 370
Self-citation
The Other America
Harrington, M. (1962) · Cited by 365
Toxocariasis: America's Most Common Neglected Infection of Poverty and a Helminthiasis of Global Importance?
Hotez, P. J., & Wilkins, P. P. (2009) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000400 · Cited by 285
Self-citation
Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Toxoplasmosis
Jones, J. L., Parise, M. E., & Fiore, A. E. (2014) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0722 · Cited by 268
National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Toxocara spp. Infection
Won, K. Y., Kruszon‐Moran, D., Schantz, P. M., & Jones, J. L. (2008) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.552 · Cited by 267
PREVALENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND CAUSES OF VISION LOSS AMONG PATIENTS WITH OCULAR TOXOCARIASIS
Stewart, J. M., Cubillan, L. D., & Cunningham, E. T. (2005) · Retina · doi:10.1097/00006982-200512000-00009 · Cited by 211
Ocular Toxocariasis: Epidemiologic, Anatomic, and Therapeutic Variations Based on a Survey of Ophthalmic Subspecialists
Woodhall, D. M., Starr, M. C., Montgomery, S. P., Jones, J. L., Lum, F., Read, R. W., & Moorthy, R. S. (2012) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.013 · Cited by 120
Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Toxocariasis
Woodhall, D. M., Eberhard, M. L., & Parise, M. E. (2014) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0725 · Cited by 109
Reduced cognitive function in children with toxocariasis in a nationally representative sample of the United States
Walsh, M. G., & Haseeb, M. A. (2012) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.002 · Cited by 104
Childhood Parasitic Infections Endemic to the United States
Barry, M. A., Weatherhead, J. E., Hotez, P. J., & Woc-Colburn, L. E. (2013) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.011 · Cited by 93
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 29 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

PJ Hotez, 2014, Neglected infections of poverty and the American brain, JAMA Psychiatry

Sorted by citations

Human toxocariasis
Ma, G., Holland, C. V., Wang, T., Hofmann, A., Fan, C., Maizels, R. M., Hotez, P. J., & Gasser, R. B. (2017) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30331-6 · Cited by 450
Self-citation
Zoonotic Parasites of Sheltered and Stray Dogs in the Era of the Global Economic and Political Crisis
Otranto, D., Dantas‐Torres, F., Mihalca, A. D., Traub, R. J., Lappin, M. R., & Baneth, G. (2017) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.013 · Cited by 215
The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part II: Helminths and arthropods
Otranto, D., Cantacessi, C., Dantas‐Torres, F., Brianti, E., Pfeffer, M., Genchi, C., Gubertì, V., Capelli, G., & Deplazes, P. (2015) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.020 · Cited by 194
Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores
Otranto, D., & Deplazes, P. (2019) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.011 · Cited by 174
Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections
Stull, J. W., Brophy, J., & Weese, J. S. (2015) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.141020 · Cited by 177
Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide - A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fakhri, Y., Gasser, R. B., Rostami, A., Fan, C. K., Ghasemi, S. M., Javanian, M., Bayani, M., Armoon, B., & Moradi, B. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.087 · Cited by 151
Human toxocariasis – A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’
Rostami, A., Ma, G., Wang, T., Koehler, A. V., Hofmann, A., Chang, B. C. H., Macpherson, C. N., & Gasser, R. B. (2019) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104002 · Cited by 143
Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach
Eslahi, A. V., Badri, M., Khorshidi, A., Majidiani, H., Hooshmand, E., Hosseini, H., Taghipour, A., Foroutan, M., Pestehchian, N., Firoozeh, F., et al. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4759-8 · Cited by 98
The Global State of Helminth Control and Elimination in Children
Weatherhead, J. E., Hotez, P. J., & Mejía, R. (2017) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2017.03.005 · Cited by 85
Self-citation
Toxocariasis-associated cardiac diseases—A systematic review of the literature
Kuenzli, E., Neumayr, A. L. C., Chaney, M., & Blum, J. A. (2015) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.11.003 · Cited by 80
The rise of neglected tropical diseases in the "new Texas"
Hotez, P. J. (2018) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005581 · Cited by 66
Self-citation
The Hygiene Hypothesis and Its Inconvenient Truths about Helminth Infections
Briggs, N., Weatherhead, J. E., Sastry, K. J., & Hotez, P. J. (2016) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004944 · Cited by 62
Self-citation
Toxocara Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the United States
Berrett, A. N., Erickson, L. D., Gale, S. D., Stone, A., Brown, B. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2017) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0542 · Cited by 60
A Systematic Review of Toxocariasis: A Neglected But High-Prevalence Disease in Brazil
Fialho, P. M. M., & Corrêa, C. R. S. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0733 · Cited by 51
Global toxocariasis research trends from 1932 to 2015: a bibliometric analysis
Zyoud, S. H. (2017) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-017-0178-8 · Cited by 51
The epidemiology and control of Toxocara canis in puppies
Schwartz, R., Bidaisee, S., Fields, P. J., Macpherson, M. L. A., & Macpherson, C. N. L. (2021) · Parasite Epidemiology and Control · doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00232 · Cited by 50
Soil-Transmitted Helminths in the USA: a Review of Five Common Parasites and Future Directions for Avenues of Enhanced Epidemiologic Inquiry
Lynn, M. K., Morrissey, J. A., & Conserve, D. F. (2021) · Current Tropical Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40475-020-00221-2 · Cited by 43
Infectious disease burden and cognitive function in young to middle-aged adults
Gale, S. D., Erickson, L. D., Berrett, A. N., Brown, B. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.014 · Cited by 42
Prevalence of Toxocara species infection in the U.S.: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014
Farmer, A. R., Beltran, T., & Choi, Y. S. (2017) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005818 · Cited by 41
Larva migrans syndrome caused by Toxocara and Ascaris roundworm infections in Japanese patients
Yoshida, A., Hombu, A., Wang, Z., & Maruyama, H. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2693-x · Cited by 40
Prevalence of Toxocara spp. in dogs and cats in South America (excluding Brazil)
López-Osorio, S., Penagos-Tabares, F., & Chaparro-Gutiérrez, J. J. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.029 · Cited by 40
Emerging infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations
Nawas, Z. Y., Tong, Y., Kollipara, R., Peranteau, A. J., Woc-Colburn, L. E., Yan, A. C., Lupi, O., & Tyring, S. K. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.04.033 · Cited by 39
MicroRNAs of Toxocara canis and their predicted functional roles
Ma, G., Luo, Y., Zhu, H., Luo, Y., Korhonen, P. K., Young, N. D., Gasser, R. B., & Zhou, R. (2016) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1508-3 · Cited by 38
Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil of public areas in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Maleki, B., Khorshidi, A., Gorgipour, M., Mirzapour, A., Majidiani, H., & Foroutan, M. (2017) · Alexandria Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2017.06.001 · Cited by 33
Toxocariasis in humans in Africa – A systematic review
Lötsch, F., Vingerling, R., Spijker, R., & Grobusch, M. P. (2017) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.009 · Cited by 32
Association between toxocariasis and cognitive function in young to middle-aged adults
Erickson, L. D., Gale, S. D., Berrett, A., Brown, B. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2015) · Folia Parasitologica · doi:10.14411/fp.2015.048 · Cited by 31
Toxocara: Protecting pets and improving the lives of people
Carlin, E. P., & Tyungu, D. L. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.001 · Cited by 31
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxocara infection among children in Shandong and Jilin provinces, China
Cong, W., Meng, Q.-F., You, H., Zhou, N., Dong, X., Dong, W., Wang, X.-Y., Ai-dong, Q., & Zhu, X.-Q. (2015) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.008 · Cited by 30
Soil contamination by Toxocara canis and human seroprevalence in the Attica region, Greece
Papavasilopoulos, V., Pitiriga, V. C., Birbas, K., Elefsiniotis, J., Bonatsos, G., & Tsakris, A. (2018) · GERMS · doi:10.18683/germs.2018.1143 · Cited by 30
Emerging infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations
Kollipara, R., Peranteau, A. J., Nawas, Z. Y., Tong, Y., Woc-Colburn, L. E., Yan, A. C., Lupi, O., & Tyring, S. K. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.04.032 · Cited by 30
Endoparasites in dogs and cats diagnosed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the University of Prince Edward Island between 2000 and 2017. A large-scale retrospective study
Morandi, B., Greenwood, S. J., Conboy, G. A., Galuppi, R., Poglayen, G., & VanLeeuwen, J. A. (2019) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104878 · Cited by 29
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in domestic dogs and cats in the United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean: A review
Ketzis, J. K., & Lucio‐Forster, A. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.027 · Cited by 27
Toward the formation of a Companion Animal Parasite Council for the Tropics (CAPCT)
Traub, R. J., Irwin, P., Dantas‐Torres, F., Tort, G. P., Labarthe, N., Inpankaew, T., Gatne, M. L., Linh, B. K., Schwan, E. V., Watanabe, M., et al. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0884-4 · Cited by 25
Human toxocariasis
Lopez-Alamillo, S., Padyala, P., Carey, M. N., Duffey, M. M., & Weatherhead, J. E. (2025) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00101-23 · Cited by 24
Immunodiagnostic approaches for the detection of human toxocarosis
Boldiš, V., Ondriska, F., Špitalská, E., & Reiterová, K. (2015) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2015.10.006 · Cited by 24
Multiple zoonotic helminth infections in domestic dogs in a rural area of Khuzestan Province in Iran
Beiromvand, M., Rafiei, A., Razmjou, E., & Maraghi, S. (2018) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1529-6 · Cited by 22
Insight into One Health Approach: Endoparasite Infections in Captive Wildlife in Bangladesh
Nath, T. C., Eom, K. S., Choe, S., Shahadat, H. M., Islam, S., Ndossi, B. A., Kang, Y., Bia, M. M., Kim, S., Eamudomkarn, C., et al. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10020250 · Cited by 22
A systematic review and meta-analysis of canine, feline and humanToxocarainfections in sub-Saharan Africa
Omonijo, A. O., Kalinda, C., & Mukaratirwa, S. (2019) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x19000889 · Cited by 17
Toxoplasmosis and Toxocariasis: An Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Comorbidity and Health-Care Costs in Canada
Schurer, J. M., Rafferty, E., Schwandt, M., Zeng, W., Farag, M., & Jenkins, E. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0729 · Cited by 17
Essential oil from Brazilian Red Propolis exhibits anthelmintic activity against larvae of Toxocara cati
Sinnott, F. A., Sena-Lopes, Â., Leal, K. S., Silva, M. T. D. O., de Freitas, M. C., de Moura, M. Q., Berne, M. E. A., & Borsuk, S. (2019) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2019.03.014 · Cited by 17
Toxocariasis y vacunación para Toxocara: una revisión sistemática
Hernández, D. A. J., Salazar-Garcés, L. F., Baquero, M., Pinheiro, C. S., & Alcântara‐Neves, N. M. (2020) · Orinoquia · doi:10.22579/20112629.631 · Cited by 16
Toxocara seroprevalence in the USA and its impact for individuals and society
Bradbury, R. S., & Hobbs, C. V. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.035 · Cited by 16
Cell viability analysis of Toxocara cati larvae with LIVE / DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity kit
Sena-Lopes, Â., Remião, M. H., Alves, M. S. D., Fonseca, B. D. R., Seixas, F. K., Collares, T. V., & Borsuk, S. (2020) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107871 · Cited by 15
The Link Between Animal Manure and Zoonotic Disease
Polley, S., Biswas, S., Kesh, S. S., Maity, A., & Batabyal, S. (2022) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97291-2_18 · Cited by 15
Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ulloque‐Badaracco, J. R., Hernández-Bustamante, E. A., Alarcón‐Braga, E. A., Huayta-Cortez, M. A., Carballo-Tello, X. L., Seminario-Amez, R. A., Rodríguez–Torres, A., Patiño, D. C., Herrera‐Añazco, P., & Benites-Zapata, V. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1181230 · Cited by 15
Seroprevalence of Larval Toxocarosis in the Czech Republic
Skulinová, K., Novák, J., Kašný, M., & Kolářová, L. (2019) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00121-0 · Cited by 15
Insights into geohelminth contamination in Bangladesh: feasibility of a modified diagnostic method and prevalence study
Nath, T. C., Lee, D., Park, H., Islam, S., Sabuj, M. S. S., Hossain, A., Ndossi, B. A., Kang, Y., Bia, M. M., Kim, S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.006 · Cited by 14
Toxocariasis in Children: An Update on Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Ramadan, M. E., & El‐Sayed, N. M. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1603496 · Cited by 14
Pediatric Ocular Toxocariasis in Costa Rica: 1998-2018 Experience
Martinez, J., Ivankovich‐Escoto, G., & Wu, L. (2020) · Ocular Immunology and Inflammation · doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1792513 · Cited by 13
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Patients with Toxocariasis Encountered at a Tertiary Care Centre in North India
Tiewsoh, J. B. A., Khurana, S., Mewara, A., Sehgal, R., & Singh, A. (2018) · Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_259 · Cited by 13
Seroprevalence of five parasitic pathogens in pregnant women in ten Caribbean countries
Guo, F., Forde, M. S., Werre, S. R., Krecek, R. C., & Zhu, G. (2016) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5297-6 · Cited by 12
Toxocariasis-associated urinary system diseases: a systematic review of reported cases
Ardekani, A., Roshanshad, A., Hosseini, S. A., Magnaval, J., Abdollahi, A. A., & Rostami, A. (2021) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab177 · Cited by 12
Toxocariasis in migrant children: A 6 years’ experience in a reference pediatric unit in Spain
Bustamante, J., Sainz, T., Pérez, S., Rodríguez-Molino, P., Vega, D. M., Mellado, M. J., & López‐Hortelano, M. G. (2022) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102288 · Cited by 12
A Serological Survey About Zoonoses in the Verkhoyansk Area, Northeastern Siberia (Sakha Republic, Russian Federation)
Magnaval, J., Leparc-Goffart, I., Gibert, M., Gurieva, A., Outreville, J., Dyachkovskaya, P. S., Fabre, R., Федорова, С. А., Nikolaeva, D., Dubois, D., et al. (2016) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1828 · Cited by 12
Flotation ofToxocara canisEggs in Commercial Bleach and Effects of Bleach Treatment Times on Larval Development in These Eggs
von Dohlen, A. R., Houk, A. E., Zajac, A. M., & Lindsay, D. S. (2016) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1645/16-123 · Cited by 12
Protective effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in BALB/c mice infected with Toxocara canis
Cadore, P. S., Walcher, D. L., de Sousa, N. F. G. C., Martins, L. H. R., da Hora, V. P., von Groll, A., de Moura, M. Q., Berne, M. E. A., de Ávila, L. F. D. C., & Scaini, C. J. (2021) · Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo · doi:10.1590/s1678-9946202163009 · Cited by 12
The Gulf of Mexico: A “Hot Zone” for Neglected Tropical Diseases?
Hotez, P. J., Bottazzi, M. E., Dumonteil, E., & Buekens, P. M. (2015) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003481 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Patterns of Epidemiology and Epizootiology of Toxocariasis Across the Russian Federation
Domatskiy, V. N., & Sivkova, E. I. (2023) · International Journal of Veterinary Research and Allied Science · doi:10.51847/pqlhsidhbz · Cited by 10
Screening of Cystic Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis in Urmia Municipal Workers, Northwest Iran
Asadi, N., Tappeh, K. H., Mohebbi, I., Yousefi, E., & Khademvatan, S. (2020) · Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871526520666200609121400 · Cited by 10
Gut microbiota profiles of peninsular Malaysian populations are associated with urbanization and lifestyle
Jamaluddin, N. F., Brovkina, O., Rashid, N. N., Al‐Maleki, A. R., Lim, Y. A. L., Tan, M. P., Lee, S. C., Duvallet, C., Corzett, C. H., Alm, E. J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07117-z · Cited by 9
Toxocariasis, Hydatid Disease of the Lung, Strongyloidiasis, and Pulmonary Paragonimiasis
Mirza, A., & Rathore, M. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00033-x · Cited by 8
Association between intermediate uveitis and toxocariasis in the Korean population
Kwon, J. W., Sim, Y. S., & Jee, D. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005829 · Cited by 8
Prognosis for ocular toxocariasis according to granuloma location
Kwon, J. W., Lee, S. Y., Jee, D., & Cho, Y. K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202904 · Cited by 8
Progesterone and Prolactin: Hormones Important for the Reactivation of Toxocara canis Larvae in Bitches
Muñoz-Guzmán, M. A., & Alba-Hurtado, F. (2018) · Advances in Neuroimmune Biology · doi:10.3233/nib-170134 · Cited by 7
Molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of Toxocara canis
Ma, G., Zhou, R. Q., Hu, L., Luo, Y., Luo, Y.-F., & Zhu, H.-X. (2017) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x17000359 · Cited by 6
Hepatic visceral larva migrans: A case series
Kothalkar, S., Mathur, A., Elhence, A., Verma, R., & Ghoshal, U. C. (2023) · Tropical parasitology · doi:10.4103/tp.tp_3_23 · Cited by 6
Human Parasitic Pulmonary Infections
Procop, G. W., & Neafie, R. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-39308-9.00014-5 · Cited by 6
Seroepidemiology of Toxocara Infection in Patients With Vision Impairment and Blindness in Durango, Mexico
Alvarado‐Esquivel, C., Hernández‐Tinoco, J., & Sánchez-Anguiano, L. F. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.14740/jocmr2032w · Cited by 6
MOLECULAR SEQUANCING AND PHYLOGENIC ANALYSIS TO VIRULENCE nmuc-1 GENE IN VISCERAL LARVAE MIGRANCE
Hade, B. F. (2020) · IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES · doi:10.36103/ijas.v51i3.1044 · Cited by 5
Molecular investigation of Toxocara infection from the serum of people living with HIV in Alborz, Iran
Zibaei, M., Hatami, Z., Firoozeh, F., Bakhshipour, F., Miahipour, A., Soleimani, A., & Shokri, E. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08250-8 · Cited by 5
Detection of antigens and anti‐Toxocara canis antibodies in children with different asthma severities
Guadalupe, B. S., Martínez‐Gordillo, M. N., Esteban, P. G., Yvett, G. N., Karina, C., Leticia, C. A., Eduardo, H. A., Guadalupe, H. J., Meléndez, Á. P., Gabriel, G. A., et al. (2021) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.403 · Cited by 5
Intestinal Helminth Infections and Risk Factors in Companion Cats of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mukutmoni, M., Musa, S., & Khanum, H. (2022) · Bangladesh Journal of Zoology · doi:10.3329/bjz.v50i1.60094 · Cited by 5
Toxocariasis as an Elderly Zoonosis: Seroprevalence, Neurocognitive Assessment, and Associated Risk Factors in Persons 50 Years and Older
Rapchan, G. G. D. S., Ferreira, I. B., Lima, V. D. S. V., Lescano, S. A. Z., Monteiro, G. R., dos Santos, G. M., Esteves, L. S. F., Figueiredo, F. B., Kmetiuk, L. B., Biondo, A. W., et al. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14111095 · Cited by 4
Allergic asthma manifestations in human and seropositivity to Toxocara, a soil-transmitted helminth of carnivores: A case-control study and scoping review of the literature
Bazargan, N., Lari, A. N., Borhani, M., & Harandi, M. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.920182 · Cited by 4
Presumptive pulmonary toxocariasis in a patient affected by acute myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma: case report and review of the literature in immunocompromised hosts
Lupia, T., Crisà, E., Sangiorgio, V. F. I., Bosio, R., Stroffolini, G., Staffilano, E., Gregorc, V., Corcione, S., & Rosa, F. G. D. (2024) · Infezioni in Medicina · doi:10.53854/liim-3201-14 · Cited by 4
Detection of IgG against Toxocara in Sera of Employees of Meat Industry
Alvarado‐Esquivel, C., Hernández‐Tinoco, J., Sánchez-Anguiano, L. F., Ramos-Nevárez, A., Cerrillo-Soto, S. M., Guido-Arreola, C. A., Sáenz-Soto, L., & Clínica de Medicina Familiar, I. D. S. Y. S. S. D. L. T. D. E. (2015) · International Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.59566/ijbs.2015.11152 · Cited by 4
Comparison of In Vitro Efficacy of Six Disinfectants on the Hatching of Larval Eggs of Toxocara canis
ROMERO, C., HEREDIA, R., Bolio‐González, M. E., Miranda, L., REYES, L., Arredondo, M., & Ortega, A. F. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4195 · Cited by 4
Acute-Onset Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis and Ascites Secondary to Occult Toxocariasis
Elton, A. C., Megna, B. W., Boothby, A. B., & Vaughn, B. P. (2021) · ACG Case Reports Journal · doi:10.14309/crj.0000000000000556 · Cited by 4
The Value of the Antibody Detection in the Diagnosis of Ocular Toxocariasis and the Aqueous Cytokine Profile Associated With the Condition
Zhang, X., Yuan, Y., Zheng, Y., Hu, Y., Rao, Y., Li, J.-K., Zhao, P., & Li, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.838800 · Cited by 4
Zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes in pet cats in Yogyakarta (Indonesia) and their susceptibility to anthelmintics
Widiyono, I., Rusmihayati, R., Purnamaningsih, H., & Sahara, A. (2023) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d240628 · Cited by 4
Toxocara Seroprevalence in Europe and Considerations for Future Research
Cobzaru, R. G., Ripa, C. V., Ursu, R. G., Ripa, M. R., Dămian, C., & Iancu, L. S. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14111117 · Cited by 3
Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infection and its associated factors among children in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study
Huỳnh, G., Phan, D. Q., Tran, T. M., Nguyen, T. D., Nguyen, H. V., Nguyen, H. T. N., & Vo, L. T. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046235 · Cited by 3
Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities
Hernández, D. A. J. (2024) · Infectious diseases · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1005054 · Cited by 3
Companion Animal Zoonoses in Immunocompromised and Other High-Risk Human Populations
Stull, J. W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-50934-3.00019-7 · Cited by 3
The Study of the Contamination of the Paws of Dogs and Shoes with Eggs of Parasitic Nematodes
Панова, О. А., & Валерьевич, Х. А. (2019) · Russian Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.31016/1998-8435-2019-13-1-23-30 · Cited by 3
As the worm turns: An infant with exotropia
Hennein, L. M., Campomanes, A. G. D. A., Afshar, A. R., & Robbins, S. L. (2020) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.12.003 · Cited by 2
Pulmonary Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases in Children
Xu, T. H., Lovatón, N., Serpa, J. A., & Ochoa, T. J. (2020) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2020.09.007 · Cited by 2
Identification of Toxocara spp., and Strongyloides spp, Hunting Dogs in the Kamuyang River Kenagarian, Luak District, Limapuluh Kota Regency
Putri, I. A., Zelpina, E., Suliha, S., & Latisar (2023) · Media Kedokteran Hewan · doi:10.20473/mkh.v34i2.2023.80-86 · Cited by 2
Epidemiological profile of human toxocariasis in patients examined at Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC/SVSA/MS) between 2014 and 2019
da Silva, L. S. A., Dias, I. H. L., Fonseca, Á. L. S., Enk, M. J., Nogueira, J. F. C., Guimarães, R. J. D. P. S. E., & Goveia, C. D. O. (2023) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102112 · Cited by 2
Gastrointestinal parasites of owned cats in three districts of Central Ethiopia: Prevalence and risk factors
Bayou, K., Terefe, G., & Kumsa, B. E. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101053 · Cited by 2
Lack of Association betweenToxocaraExposure and Suicide Attempts in Psychiatric Patients
Alvarado‐Esquivel, C., Hernández‐Tinoco, J., & Sánchez-Anguiano, L. F. (2015) · Journal of Parasitology Research · doi:10.1155/2015/608604 · Cited by 2
Toxocara species exposure, symptoms of asthma, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in the US population
Ogundipe, F., Hennis, E. C. A., Mehari, A., & Gillum, R. F. (2017) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2017.09.063 · Cited by 2
Особливості перебігу токсокарозу в дітей
Sorokman, Т. V., & Perkas, I. (2018) · ACTUAL INFECTOLOGY · doi:10.22141/2312-413x.6.4.2018.142473 · Cited by 2
Anthelmintics in Dermatology
Worswick, S., & Dreyer, S. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66884-0_42 · Cited by 1
New records of endoparasites and ectoparasites in free-living road-killed wild animals in the Pampa biome, Southern Brazil
Lignon, J. S., Pinto, D. M., Monteiro, S. G., Pappen, F. G., Bohm, B. C., Dada, O. A., Martins, K. R., & Bruhn, F. R. P. (2024) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-024-10569-9 · Cited by 1
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant Toxocara canis inorganic pyrophosphatase protein
Ozkaya, G., YILDIRIM, A., Salkın, H., & Başaran, K. E. (2026) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2026.110753 · Cited by 1
An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Toxocara spp. Eggs in Soil of Public Areas in Iran
Maleki, B., Khatounaki, H., Haghshenas, N., Robati, R. M., Rezaei-Tavirani, M., Behravan, M. R., & Abolghazie, A. (2025) · Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.34172/ajcmi.3720 · Cited by 1
The Study of Soil Contamination with Toxocara Eggs in Arak Public Parks, 2015
Mohamadi, S., Eslamirad, Z., Hajihossein, R., & Didehdar, M. (2016) · مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک · Cited by 1
Ocular toxocariasis in a pediatric patient undergoing a bone marrow transplantation
Molina, B., González‐Vicent, M., Valls, I., & Díaz, M. Á. (2018) · Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2018.09.003 · Cited by 1
Tissue Nematodes
Griffin, D., & Despommier, D. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00277-2 · Cited by 1

Authors: Lee, R. M., Moore, L. B., Bottazzi, M. E., & Hotez, P. J.
Affiliations: Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Rice University (US)
Corresponding author: Hotez, Peter J.
ORCID: Lee, Rachel M.
Hotez, Peter J.
Venue: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2014-08-28
Volume: 8
Issue: 8
Pages: e3116
ISSN: 1935-2727 (ISSN-L)
1935-2735
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003116
PMC: PMC4148222
OpenAlex: W1990683804
Cited by: 122
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS neglected tropical diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Rice Research Repository (Rice University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
Keywords: toxocariasis, Toxocara, visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, prevalence, incidence, disease burden, risk factors, pet ownership, poverty, asthma, waste pickers, psychiatric patients, North America
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, North America, Risk Factors, Toxocariasis, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Toxocariasis in North America: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks