The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chimpanzees Share Forbidden Fruit
Open accessAbstract
The sharing of wild plant foods is infrequent in chimpanzees, but in chimpanzee communities that engage in hunting, meat is frequently used as a 'social tool' for nurturing alliances and social bonds. Here we report the only recorded example of regular sharing of plant foods by unrelated, non-provisioned wild chimpanzees, and the contexts in which these sharing behaviours occur. From direct observations, adult chimpanzees at Bossou (Republic of Guinea, West Africa) very rarely transferred wild plant foods. In contrast, they shared cultivated plant foods much more frequently (58 out of 59 food sharing events). Sharing primarily consists of adult males allowing reproductively cycling females to take food that they possess. We propose that hypotheses focussing on 'food-for-sex and -grooming' and 'showing-off' strategies plausibly account for observed sharing behaviours. A changing human-dominated landscape presents chimpanzees with fresh challenges, and our observations suggest that crop-raiding provides adult male chimpanzees at Bossou with highly desirable food commodities that may be traded for other currencies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Food sharing in chimpanzees, however, is not restricted to meat but has also been reported with non-meat foods, for example honey [52], or large fruits such as Carica papaya [57] or Treculia africana [52].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,329
The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution
Boesch, C., & Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198505082.001.0001 · Cited by 1,079
Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Taï National Park
Boesch, C., & Boesch, H. (1989) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330780410 · Cited by 976
Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees
Boesch, C. (1994) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1285 · Cited by 650 · cited 1×
“Additionally, as meat is typically energetically costly and risky to acquire for chimpanzees, sharing with others may advertise an individual’s strength and prowess [11]; simply possessing a desirable item may draw positive attention to an individual, enhancing the latter’s social status [12,13].”
BackgroundFood sharing and reciprocal obligations among chimpanzees
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1989) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(89)90074-2 · Cited by 463
Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat?
Mitani, J. C., & Watts, D. P. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1681 · Cited by 451 · cited 1×
“Within chimpanzee communities that engage in hunting, meat is reportedly used as a ‘social tool’ [5]; alliances and affiliative relationships are cemented by gifts of meat.”
BackgroundTutin, C. E. G. (1979) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00293242 · Cited by 449 · cited 1×
“or to establish or strengthen an affiliative relationship and thus increase future mating opportunities”
BackgroundThe Predatory Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees
Teleki, G. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 395
Chimpanzee politics: power and sex among apes
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1584 · Cited by 363
Meat sharing among the Gombe chimpanzees: harassment and reciprocal exchange
Gilby, I. C. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.009 · Cited by 287 · cited 1×
“range from cognitively simple explanations, such as begging intensity”
BackgroundCognitive Development in Chimpanzees
Matsuzawa, T. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00103-0 · Cited by 254
Self-citationDemographic influences on the hunting behavior of chimpanzees
Mitani, J. C., & Watts, D. P. (1999) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199908)109:4 · Cited by 248
Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians
Denevan, W. M., HAMES, R. B., & Vickers, W. T. (1984) · Economic Geography · doi:10.2307/143910 · Cited by 239
Chimpanzee and Red Colobus: The Ecology of Predator and Prey
Stanford, C. B., & Wrangham, R. W. (1998) · Cited by 206
The Social Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Empirical Evidence and Shifting Assumptions
Stanford, C. B. (1998) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204757 · Cited by 203
Neotropical Hunting among the Aché of Eastern Paraguay
Hill, K. R., & Hawkes, K. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-321250-4.50009-9 · Cited by 193
A conceptual framework for nonkin food sharing: timing and currency of benefits
Stevens, J. R., & Gilby, I. C. (2004) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.012 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“Food sharing has important implications for the evolution of cooperation, offering a means to evaluate the ‘paradox’ of altruism, whereby a recipient gains fitness benefits at the expense of a donor [1].”
BackgroundRoad crossing in chimpanzees: A risky business
Hockings, K. J., Anderson, J. R., & Matsuzawa, T. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.019 · Cited by 127 · cited 1×
“As reported for meat sharing at other sites [11213], crop-raiding adult males may be advertising prowess to other group-members; such daring behaviour may be considered an attractive trait [25], and possessing a desirable food item may further draw positive attention to an individual.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSociocognitive Development in Chimpanzees: A Synthesis of Laboratory Work and Fieldwork
Matsuzawa, T. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/4-431-30248-4_1 · Cited by 106
Self-citationTree of origin : what primate behavior can tell us about human social evolution
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2001) · Harvard University Press eBooks · Cited by 98
Concomitant Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran
Nasidze, I., Quinque, D., Rahmani, M., Alemohamad, S. A., & Stoneking, M. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021 · Cited by 81
Familial influences on ovulatory function in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Wendy Saltzman, A., SCHULTZ‐DARKEN, N. J., & Abbott, D. H. (1997) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3 · Cited by 67
Stanford, C. B. (2002) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1p6hp1j.7 · Cited by 55
Slocombe, K. E., & Newton‐Fisher, N. E. (2005) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20123 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“Even though the major part of chimpanzees’ diets consists of plant foods, wild plant food sharing occurs infrequently [15–18].”
BackgroundSharing of Wild Fruits among Male Chimpanzees: Two Cases from Mahale, Tanzania
Nakamura, M., & Itoh, N. (2001) · Pan Africa News · doi:10.5134/143398 · Cited by 16
<Note> Papaya Fruit Sharing in Wild Chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea
Ohashi, G. (2007) · Pan Africa News · doi:10.5134/143215 · Cited by 13
Self-citationPerspectives in primate biology. Volume 3
Stanford, C. B. (1991) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/bf02547583 · Cited by 12
Papaya Fruit Sharing in Wild Chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea
Ohashi, G. (2007) · Pan Africa News · doi:10.5134/143471 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- ATC Feistner, 1989, Food-sharing in primates: a critical review., 21
- E Bethell, 2000, Active plant food division and sharing by wild chimpanzees., Primate Report, 56, 67
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Origins of Human Cooperation and Morality
Tomasello, M., & Vaish, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143812 · Cited by 916
Requesting in Social Interaction
(2014) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.26 · Cited by 309
The cognitive bases of human tool use
Vaesen, K. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11001452 · Cited by 299
Prosocial primates: selfish and unselfish motivations
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Suchak, M. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0119 · Cited by 276
“For example, male chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea, sometimes raid papaya plantations (a risky endeavour) and share the highly prized fruits specifically with females, which they hypothesized was a strategy for obtaining future copulations (Hockings et al. 2007).”
BackgroundCognitive Development in Chimpanzees
Matsuzawa, T. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00103-0 · Cited by 254
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hockings, K. J., Humle, T., Anderson, J. R., Biro, D., Sousa, C., Ohashi, G., & Matsuzawa, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hockings, Kimberley J.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2007-09-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e886
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1964537
- OpenAlex
- W2139162770
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 13.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (#16002001)
- University of Stirling
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (16002001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- chimpanzees, food sharing, wild plant foods, crop raiding, social bonds, showing off, male-female interaction, Bossou, anthropogenic landscapes, primate social behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Pan troglodytes, Female, Male, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
