CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 481

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Polymicrobial Nature of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Biofilm Infections Determined Using Bacterial Tag Encoded FLX Amplicon Pyrosequencing (bTEFAP)

Dowd, Scot E., Wolcott, Randall D., Sun, Yan, McKeehan, Trevor, Smith, Ethan, Rhoads, Daniel·2008·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0003326PMC PMC2556099
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0003326

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Dendrogram of Functional Equivalent Pathogroups (FEPs). The most prevalent bacterial genera were used to perform multivariate hierarchical clustering. Using a geographic X scale and a color map we represent the 40 different wounds along the Y-axis and the predominant genera along the X-axis in this dendogram, which shows 8 primary clusters associated with possible functional equivalent pathogroups (FEPs). Thus, in cluster 1 (red dots) we see that the predominant genera are Serratia spp. and anaerobes (Finegoldia, Peptoniphilus and Anaerococus spp.). Together these genera contribute to FEP in cluster 1. Cluster 2 (yellow Y's) is made up of Corynebacterium and the same anaerobes as cluster 1. The most predominant cluster, cluster 3 (orange squares), involves Streptococcus and anaerobes including the previously mentioned genera from clusters 1 and 2 as well as Bacteroides. Cluster 4 (green diamond) is only a single sample but involves co-occurrence of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Porphyomonas spp. Cluster 5 (blue x's) is heavily populated by anaerobes particularly Bacteroides, Anaerococcus, Fingoldia, and Peptoniphilus spp. Cluster 6 (green crosses) is only made up of two samples and includes Enterococcus as the primary organism with significant signatures from Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, and Peptoniphilus spp. Cluster 7 (blue Z's) has the strongest color map signatures associated with anaerobes, especially Clostridium, Fingoldia, Porphyromonas and Peptoniphilus spp. Finally, cluster 8 is strongly associated with the anaerobes Anaerococcus and Fingoldia spp. with additional contributions from Streptococcus spp. The location of each extremity ulcer is also encoded into this figure along the Y-axis. The codes for the wound locations are lateral foot ulcer (L), dorsal foot ulcer (D), plantar foot ulcer (P), ankle ulcer (A), 5th metatarsal head ulcer (A), 4th metatarsal head ulcer (4), 2nd Metatarsal head ulcer (2), trans metatarsal ulcer (T), 1st metatarsal head ulcer (1), Great toe ulcer (G), and heel ulcer (H).
Figure 1 Dendrogram of Functional Equivalent Pathogroups (FEPs). The most prevalent bacterial genera were used to perform multivariate hierarchical clustering. Using a geographic X scale and a color map we represent the 40 different wounds along the Y-axis and the predominant genera along the X-axis in this dendogram, which shows 8 primary clusters associated with possible functional equivalent pathogroups (FEPs). Thus, in cluster 1 (red dots) we see that the predominant genera are Serratia spp. and anaerobes (Finegoldia, Peptoniphilus and Anaerococus spp.). Together these genera contribute to FEP in cluster 1. Cluster 2 (yellow Y's) is made up of Corynebacterium and the same anaerobes as cluster 1. The most predominant cluster, cluster 3 (orange squares), involves Streptococcus and anaerobes including the previously mentioned genera from clusters 1 and 2 as well as Bacteroides. Cluster 4 (green diamond) is only a single sample but involves co-occurrence of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Porphyomonas spp. Cluster 5 (blue x's) is heavily populated by anaerobes particularly Bacteroides, Anaerococcus, Fingoldia, and Peptoniphilus spp. Cluster 6 (green crosses) is only made up of two samples and includes Enterococcus as the primary organism with significant signatures from Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, and Peptoniphilus spp. Cluster 7 (blue Z's) has the strongest color map signatures associated with anaerobes, especially Clostridium, Fingoldia, Porphyromonas and Peptoniphilus spp. Finally, cluster 8 is strongly associated with the anaerobes Anaerococcus and Fingoldia spp. with additional contributions from Streptococcus spp. The location of each extremity ulcer is also encoded into this figure along the Y-axis. The codes for the wound locations are lateral foot ulcer (L), dorsal foot ulcer (D), plantar foot ulcer (P), ankle ulcer (A), 5th metatarsal head ulcer (A), 4th metatarsal head ulcer (4), 2nd Metatarsal head ulcer (2), trans metatarsal ulcer (T), 1st metatarsal head ulcer (1), Great toe ulcer (G), and heel ulcer (H).CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 48

  1. JW Costerton, 1995, Microbial biofilms., Annu Rev Microbiol, 49, 711, 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431 · DOI
  2. 1999, Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7–8 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association., Diabetes Care, 22, 1354, 10.2337/diacare.22.8.1354 · DOI
  3. AI Adler, 1999, Lower-extremity amputation in diabetes. The independent effects of peripheral vascular disease, sensory neuropathy, and foot ulcers., Diabetes Care, 22, 1029, 10.2337/diacare.22.7.1029 · DOI
  4. RE Pecoraro, 1991, Chronology and determinants of tissue repair in diabetic lower-extremity ulcers., Diabetes, 40, 1305, 10.2337/diab.40.10.1305 · DOI
  5. 2003, History of foot ulcer among persons with diabetes–United States, 2000–2002., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 52, 1098
  6. K Ismail, 2007, A cohort study of people with diabetes and their first foot ulcer: the role of depression on mortality., Diabetes Care, 30, 1473, 10.2337/dc06-2313 · DOI
  7. SD Ramsey, 1999, Patient-level estimates of the cost of complications in diabetes in a managed-care population., Pharmacoeconomics, 16, 285, 10.2165/00019053-199916030-00005 · DOI
  8. SD Ramsey, 1999, Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes., Diabetes Care, 22, 382, 10.2337/diacare.22.3.382 · DOI
  9. T Bjarnsholt, 2008, Why chronic wounds will not heal: a novel hypothesis., Wound Repair Regen, 16, 2, 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00283.x · DOI
  10. GA James, 2008, Biofilms in chronic wounds., Wound Repair Regen, 16, 37, 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x · DOI · Paper page
  11. RD Wolcott, 2008, A study of biofilm-based wound management in subjects with critical limb ischaemia., J Wound Care, 17, 145, 10.12968/jowc.2008.17.4.28835 · DOI
  12. SL Percival, 2008, Assessing the effect of an antimicrobial wound dressing on biofilms., Wound Repair Regen, 16, 52, 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00350.x · DOI
  13. RD Wolcott, 2008, Biofilms and chronic infections., JAMA, 299, 2682, 10.1001/jama.299.22.2682 · DOI · Paper page
  14. SE Dowd, 2008, Survey of bacterial diversity in chronic wounds using Pyrosequencing, DGGE, and full ribosome shotgun sequencing., BMC Microbiol, 8, 43, 10.1186/1471-2180-8-43 · DOI
  15. SC Davis, 2006, The diabetic foot: the importance of biofilms and wound bed preparation., Curr Diab Rep, 6, 439, 10.1007/s11892-006-0076-x · DOI
  16. SE Dowd, 2005, Windows.NET Network Distributed Basic Local Alignment Search Toolkit (W.ND-BLAST)., BMC Bioinformatics, 6, 93, 10.1186/1471-2105-6-93 · DOI
  17. X Huang, 1999, CAP3: A DNA sequence assembly program., Genome Res, 9, 868, 10.1101/gr.9.9.868 · DOI · Paper page
  18. SF Altschul, 1990, Basic local alignment search tool., J Mol Biol, 215, 403, 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 · DOI · Paper page
  19. BL Maidak, 2001, The RDP-II (Ribosomal Database Project)., Nucleic Acids Res, 29, 173, 10.1093/nar/29.1.173 · DOI
  20. GA von, 1998, Diversity of coryneforms found in infections following prosthetic joint insertion and open fractures., Infection, 26, 36, 10.1007/BF02768750 · DOI
  21. A Hartemann-Heurtier, 2008, Diabetic foot osteomyelitis., Diabetes Metab
  22. CP Cartwright, 1994, Improved enrichment broth for cultivation of fastidious organisms., J Clin Microbiol, 32, 1825, 10.1128/JCM.32.7.1825-1826.1994 · DOI
  23. LJ Wheat, 1986, Diabetic foot infections. Bacteriologic analysis., Arch Intern Med, 146, 1935, 10.1001/archinte.1986.00360220079017 · DOI
  24. DE MacFarlane, 1986, Bacteriology of sickle cell leg ulcers., Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 80, 553, 10.1016/0035-9203(86)90137-9 · DOI
  25. RI Ceilley, 1977, Foot ulceration and vertebral osteomyelitis with Corynebacterium haemolyticum., Arch Dermatol, 113, 646, 10.1001/archderm.1977.01640050106018 · DOI
  26. AL Cogen, 2008, Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence?, Br J Dermatol, 158, 442, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x · DOI
  27. AN Bessman, 1992, Prevalence of Corynebacteria in diabetic foot infections., Diabetes Care, 15, 1531, 10.2337/diacare.15.11.1531 · DOI
  28. PG Bowler, 1999, The microbiology of infected and noninfected leg ulcers., Int J Dermatol, 38, 573, 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00738.x · DOI
  29. I Brook, 1998, Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of chronic venous ulcers., Int J Dermatol, 37, 426, 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00445.x · DOI
  30. I Brook, 1987, Role of encapsulated anaerobic bacteria in synergistic infections., Crit Rev Microbiol, 14, 171, 10.3109/10408418709104438 · DOI
  31. D Mayrand, 1980, Exological relationships of bacteria involved in a simple, mixed anaerobic infection., Infect Immun, 27, 44, 10.1128/IAI.27.1.44-50.1980 · DOI
  32. V Urbancic-Rovan, 2000, Bacteria in superficial diabetic foot ulcers., Diabet Med, 17, 814, 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00374-2.x · DOI
  33. NJ Trengove, 1996, Qualitative bacteriology and leg ulcer healing., J Wound Care, 5, 277, 10.12968/jowc.1996.5.6.277 · DOI
  34. PG Bowler, 1999, Microbial involvement in chronic wound malodour., J Wound Care, 8, 216, 10.12968/jowc.1999.8.5.25875 · DOI
  35. C Hansson, 1995, The microbial flora in venous leg ulcers without clinical signs of infection. Repeated culture using a validated standardised microbiological technique., Acta Derm Venereol, 75, 24, 10.2340/00015555752430 · DOI
  36. S Kontiainen, 1988, Bacteria in ulcera crurum., Acta Derm Venereol, 68, 240
  37. RS Howell-Jones, 2005, A review of the microbiology, antibiotic usage and resistance in chronic skin wounds., J Antimicrob Chemother, 55, 143, 10.1093/jac/dkh513 · DOI
  38. SE Dowd, 2007, Positive adaptive state: microarray evaluation of gene expression in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium exposed to nalidixic acid., Foodborne Pathog Dis, 4, 187, 10.1089/fpd.2006.0075 · DOI
  39. DJ Bradshaw, 1998, Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum and coaggregation in anaerobe survival in planktonic and biofilm oral microbial communities during aeration., Infect Immun, 66, 4729, 10.1128/IAI.66.10.4729-4732.1998 · DOI
  40. DJ Bradshaw, 1996, Effect of oxygen, inoculum composition and flow rate on development of mixed-culture oral biofilms., Microbiology, 142(Pt 3), 623, 10.1099/13500872-142-3-623 · DOI
  41. K Rasmussen, 1998, Microelectrode measurements of local mass transport rates in heterogeneous biofilms., Biotechnol Bioeng, 59, 302, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980805)59:3<302::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-F · DOI
  42. I Brook, 1988, Role of anaerobic bacteria in aortofemoral graft infection., Surgery, 104, 843
  43. GK Sundqvist, 1979, Capacity of anaerobic bacteria from necrotic dental pulps to induce purulent infections., Infect Immun, 25, 685, 10.1128/IAI.25.2.685-693.1979 · DOI
  44. PG Bowler, 2001, Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management., Clin Microbiol Rev, 14, 244, 10.1128/CMR.14.2.244-269.2001 · DOI · Paper page
  45. OD Rotstein, 1988, The spectrum of Escherichia coli–Bacteroides fragilis pathogenic synergy in an intraabdominal infection model., Can J Microbiol, 34, 352, 10.1139/m88-064 · DOI
  46. JE Clarridge III, 2004, Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases., Clin Microbiol Rev, 17, 840, 10.1128/CMR.17.4.840-862.2004 · DOI
  47. GD Ehrlich, 2005, Bacterial plurality as a general mechanism driving persistence in chronic infections., Clin Orthop Relat Res, 20, 10.1097/00003086-200508000-00005 · DOI
  48. RJ Palmer Jr, 2006, Rapid succession within the Veillonella population of a developing human oral biofilm in situ., J Bacteriol, 188, 4117, 10.1128/JB.01958-05 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 481

Metadata

Authors
Dowd, S. E., Wolcott, R. D., Sun, Y., McKeehan, T., Smith, E., & Rhoads, D.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2008-10-03
Volume
3
Issue
10
Pages
e3326
ISSN
1932-6203
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0003326
PMC
PMC2556099
Cited by
481
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Polymicrobial Nature of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Biofilm Infections Determined Using Bacterial Tag Encoded FLX Amplicon Pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1371/journal.pone.0003326
The paper
Dowd, S. E., Wolcott, R. D., Sun, Y., McKeehan, T., Smith, E., & Rhoads, D. (2008). Polymicrobial Nature of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Biofilm Infections Determined Using Bacterial Tag Encoded FLX Amplicon Pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003326