Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Phthalates are synthetic compounds with a widespread field of applications. For example, they are used as plasticizers in PVC plastics and food packaging, or are added to personal care products. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) may be used to denature alcohol, e.g., for cosmetic purposes. Public health concerns of phthalates include carcinogenic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic and endocrine effects. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining phthalates in alcohol samples and to provide a risk assessment for consumers of such products. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A liquid-liquid extraction procedure was optimized by varying the following parameters: type of extraction solvent (cyclohexane, n-hexane, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane), the ratio extraction solvent/sample volume (1 ratio 1 to 50 ratio 1) and the number of extraction repetitions (1-10). The best extraction yield (99.9%) was achieved with the solvent 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, an extraction solvent volume/sample volume ratio of 10 ratio 1 and a double extraction. For quantification, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standards was used. The investigated samples were alcoholic beverages and unrecorded alcohol products from different countries (n = 257). Two unrecorded alcohol samples from Lithuania contained diethyl phthalate in concentrations of 608 mg/L and 210 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The consumption of the phthalate-positive unrecorded alcohols would exceed tolerable daily intakes as derived from animal experiments. Both positive samples were labelled as cosmetic alcohol, but had clearly been offered for human consumption. DEP seems to be unsuitable as a denaturing agent as it has no effect on the organoleptic properties of ethanol. In light of our results that DEP might be consumed by humans in unrecorded alcohols, the prohibition of its use as a denaturing agent should be considered.
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While there have been some instances where ingredients of unrecorded alcohol have been found which could cause liver problems over and above the impact of ethanol, these instances are limited.
“While there have been some instances where ingredients of unrecorded alcohol have been found which could cause liver problems over and above the impact of ethanol 288, 289 these instances are limited, and the overall conclusion of relevant reviews has been that there is not sufficient evidence to link a sizable portion of liver cirrhosis mortality to unrecorded alcohol (290, 291; see also 292).”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [288]
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- Authors
- Leitz, J., Kuballa, T., Rehm, J., & Lachenmeier, D. W.
- Affiliations
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe (DE)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lachenmeier, Dirk W.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-12-02
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e8127
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2779849
- OpenAlex
- W2085197293
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- European Commission (223059)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Keywords
- diethyl phthalate, phthalates, alcoholic beverages, unrecorded alcohol, denatured alcohol, liquid-liquid extraction, extraction method validation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, risk assessment, tolerable daily intake, endocrine disruptors, plasticizers, consumer exposure
- MeSH terms
- Alcoholic Beverages, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Humans, Lithuania, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Phthalic Acids, Reference Standards, Solvents, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Assessment
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