A systematic review of the epidemiology of unrecorded alcohol consumption and the chemical composition of unrecorded alcohol
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Unrecorded alcohol constitutes about 30% of all alcohol consumed globally. The aims of this systematic review were to determine the epidemiology (occurrence, types, prevalence) of unrecorded alcohol consumption in different countries/regions, analyse the chemical composition of unrecorded alcohol and examine health outcomes caused by the consumption of unrecorded alcohol, based on either epidemiology or toxicology. METHODS: A systematic search for, and qualitative analysis of, papers with empirical results on the different categories of unrecorded alcohol, based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: Unrecorded alcohol was widespread in all regions of the world. Artisanal fermented beverages and spirits were the most common categories of unrecorded alcohol globally, and were available on all continents. In India, industrially produced spirits (country spirits) were most prevalent. In Russia and countries of the former Soviet Union, surrogate alcohols complemented artisanal spirits. Cross-border shopping was the most prevalent method of obtaining unrecorded alcohol in parts of Europe. Ethanol was the most harmful ingredient of unrecorded alcohol, and health consequences due to other ingredients found in unrecorded alcohol were scarce. However, as unrecorded alcohol is usually the least expensive form of alcohol available in many countries, it may contribute to higher rates of chronic and irregular heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Very large amounts of alcohol are produced globally that go unrecorded. The primary harm from this kind of alcohol arises from the fact that it is typically much cheaper than licit alcohol.
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The overall conclusion of relevant reviews has been that there is not sufficient evidence to link a sizable portion of liver cirrhosis mortality to unrecorded alcohol.
“the overall conclusion of relevant reviews has been that there is not sufficient evidence to link a sizable portion of liver cirrhosis mortality to unrecorded alcohol (290, 291; see also 292).”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [292]
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“With the exception of some forms of cross-border shopping, unrecorded alcohol is usually the cheapest form of alcohol available, and is thus popular among heavier drinkers and, in particular, heavier drinkers of lower socioeconomic strata [71].”
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Probst, C., Fleischmann, A., Gmel, G. E., Poznyak, V. B., Rekve, D., Riley, L. M., Rylett, M., Shield, K. D., & Rehm, J. T. (2019) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.09.010421 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationUnrecorded alcohol use: a global modelling study based on nominal group assessments and survey data
Probst, C., Manthey, J., Merey, A., Rylett, M., & Rehm, J. T. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14173 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Most importantly, however, due partly to omitted taxes, unrecorded alcohol has been shown to be generally the least expensive form of alcohol available which, in turn, was associated with chronic and irregular heavy drinking and specific groups at elevated risk [6,20].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDetection of counterfeit brand spirits using 1H NMR fingerprints in comparison to sensory analysis
Kuballa, T., Häusler, T., Okaru, A. O., Neufeld, M., Abuga, K. O., Kibwage, I. O., Rehm, J. T., Luy, B., Walch, S. G., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.065 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationRehm, J. T., Štelemėkas, M., Ferreira‐Borges, C., Jiang, H., Lange, S., Neufeld, M., Room, R., Casswell, S., Tran, A., & Manthey, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052419 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“* Total alcohol per capita consumption comprises recorded, unrecorded, and tourist consumption (for definitions, see [50,51]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCoverage of alcohol consumption by national surveys in South Africa
Probst, C., Shuper, P. A., & Rehm, J. T. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13692 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol Control Policy in Europe: Overview and Exemplary Countries
Berdzuli, N., Ferreira‐Borges, C., Gual, A., & Rehm, J. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218162 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The reductions in the level of alcohol consumption caused by pricing and availability measures, which by definition can only be applied to recorded consumption, were not compensated for by similar increases in unrecorded consumption (for definitions of recorded and unrecorded consumption, see [72,73]; for estimates of…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationMultinational Alcohol Market Development and Public Health: Diageo in India
Esser, M. B., & Jernigan, D. H. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302831 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Surrogate alcohol containing methanol, social deprivation and public health in Novosibirsk, Russia
Neufeld, M., Lachenmeier, D. W., Häusler, T., & Rehm, J. T. (2016) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.08.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. health burden stemming from surrogate alcohol, and from unrecorded consumption in general, still is ethanol (Rehm et al., 2014; Rehm, Kanteres, & Lachenmeier, 2010), there are exceptions (Solodun et al., 2011) and this short report gives a recent example…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMartínez, P., Kerr, W. C., Subbaraman, M. S., & Roberts, S. C. M. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13958 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Fortunately, unrecorded consumption is likely minimal due to substantial decreases in illicit alcohol production in the U.S. since the 1970s (Rehm et al., 2014).”
What is the best indicator of the harmful use of alcohol? A narrative review
Rehm, J. T., Crépault, J., Wettlaufer, A., Manthey, J., & Shield, K. D. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13053 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of methanol and its derivatives in illegally produced alcoholic beverages
Arslan, M. M., Zeren, C., Aydın, Z., Akçan, R., Dokuyucu, R., Keten, A., & Çekin, N. (2015) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.04.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Influence of unrecorded alcohol consumption on liver cirrhosis mortality
Lachenmeier, D. W. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7217 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHow should prevalence of alcohol use disorders be assessed globally?
Rehm, J. T. (2016) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1508 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationRehm, J. T., Neufeld, M., Room, R., Sornpaisarn, B., Štelemėkas, M., Swahn, M. H., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103420 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationNeufeld, M., & Rehm, J. T. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.09.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationResearch Protocol to Evaluate the Effects of Alcohol Policy Changes in Lithuania
Rehm, J. T., Štelemėkas, M., & Badaras, R. (2018) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agy068 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationNew cancer cases in France in 2015 attributable to different levels of alcohol consumption
Shield, K. D., Micallef, C. M., Hill, C., Touvier, M., Arwidson, P., Bonaldi, C., Ferrari, P., Bray, F., & Soerjomataram, I. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationSocietal development and the alcohol‐attributable burden of disease
Shield, K. D., & Rehm, J. T. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15441 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationNgoc, L. B., Nguyen, T. T., & Newman, I. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-731 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Liyanage U: Non-commercial Alcohol in Southern Asia: the case of kasippu in Sri Lanka.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlcohol policy has saved lives in the Russian Federation
Neufeld, M., Ferreira‐Borges, C., Gil, A. U., Manthey, J., & Rehm, J. T. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102636 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationTulashie, S. K., Appiah, A. P., Torku, G. D., Darko, A. Y., & Wiredu, A. (2017) · International Journal of Food Contamination · doi:10.1186/s40550-017-0059-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
On monitoring unrecorded alcohol consumption
Rehm, J. T., & Poznyak, V. B. (2015) · Alcoholism and Drug Addiction · doi:10.1016/j.alkona.2015.06.003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationKumar, K., Kumar, S., & Singh, A. K. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The consumption of unrecorded alcohol may pose greater health risks because consumers of unrecorded alcohol are more likely to be chronic and irregular heavy drinkers (Rehm et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAddo, J., Cook, S., Galbete, C., Agyemang, C. O., Klipstein‐Grobusch, K., Nicolaou, M., Danquah, I., Schulze, M. B., Brathwaite, R., Mockenhaupt, F. P., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206286 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
van den Brink, W., & Kiefer, F. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0050 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zamani, N., Rafizadeh, A., Hassanian‐Moghaddam, H., Akhavan-Tavakoli, A., Ghorbani-Samin, M., Akhgari, M., & Shariati, S. (2019) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-019-0244-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Comprehensive analysis of alcohol policies in the Latin America and the Caribbean
Medina‐Mora, M. E., Monteiro, M. G., Rafful, C. M., & Samano, I. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13227 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nwagu, E. N., Dibia, S. I. C., & Odo, A. N. (2017) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyx058 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cường, P. V., Casswell, S., Parker, K., Callinan, S., Chaiyasong, S., Kazantseva, E., Meier, P. S., MacKintosh, A. M., Piazza, M., Gray‐Phillip, G., et al. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12665 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“However, there is a perception, as unrecorded alcohol is usually the least expensive form of alcohol available in many countries, that it may contribute to higher rates of chronic and irregular heavy drinking [36,37].”
BackgroundExplaining Counterfeit Alcohol Purchases in Russia
Kotelnikova, Z. V. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13340 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Surrogate alcohol is used by the most economically disadvantaged individuals who are also heavy drinkers (Lachenmeier et al., 2007; Leon et al., 2007; Rehm et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRehm, J. T., Tran, A., Gobiņa, I., Janik‐Koncewicz, K., Jiang, H., Kim, K. V., Liutkutė, V., Miščikienė, L., Reile, R., Room, R., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109682 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal changes in alcohol‐related mortality and morbidity in Australia
Ogeil, R. P., Gao, C. X., Rehm, J. T., Gmel, G. E., & Lloyd, B. K. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13213 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSornpaisarn, B., Shield, K. D., Cohen, J. E., Schwartz, R. M., & Rehm, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2015.05.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“[28] for a list of unrecorded sources of alcohol), estimated to be 0.”
Self-citationAlcoholic Beverage Strength Discrimination by Taste May Have an Upper Threshold
Lachenmeier, D. W., Kanteres, F., & Rehm, J. T. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12511 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationAflatoxin contamination in unrecorded beers from Kenya – A health risk beyond ethanol
Okaru, A. O., Abuga, K. O., Kibwage, I. O., Häusler, T., Luy, B., Kuballa, T., Rehm, J. T., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2017) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationUnrecorded alcohol in East Africa: A case study of Kenya
Mkuu, R. S., Barry, A. E., Swahn, M. H., & Nafukho, F. M. (2018) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.07.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Singh, S., Sharma, P., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13187 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Unrecorded alcohol (includes homemade, counterfeit, contraband and surrogate alcohol) consumption varies across different regions within India, ranging from 40% to 77% of total alcohol consumption [13].”
BackgroundRehm, J. T., Crépault, J., Hasan, O. S. M., Lachenmeier, D. W., Room, R., & Sornpaisarn, B. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193749 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For heavy users, often the cheapest way to obtain a given amount of the psychoactive substance is chosen, and this may be illegal substances, as the switch to cheaper unrecorded or surrogate alcohol in Russian people with alcohol use disorders shows ([143] for a more general overview [144,145]), or the switch from pre…”
BackgroundSelf-citationQian, L., Newman, I. M., Xiong, W., & Feng, Y. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2594-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The higher ABV of bai jiu presents the main risk to the individual’s health, but it is difficult to estimate the contribution of bai jiu use to specific health conditions [4, 11] or to separate bai jiu use from other factors present in rural areas that contribute to diseases [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Threat to Quality of Alcoholic Beverages by Unrecorded Consumption
Okaru, A. O., Rehm, J. T., Sommerfeld, K., Kuballa, T., Walch, S. G., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815269-0.00001-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationFischer, B., Rehm, J., & Crépault, J.-F. (2016) · The International journal on drug policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.014 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In fact, for comparison, the vast majority of the population in high-income countries uses legal alcohol distribution outlets (even though clandestinely produced liquor can be found and is usually much cheaper) (Babor, Caetano, Casswell, Edwards, & Giesbrecht, 2010; Rehm et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeifman, H., Dramstad, K., & Juslin, E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13014-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Estimations of the actual level of per capita alcohol consumption is therefore a challenge (for an overview of unrecorded alcohol in Europe, (see [6, 7]).”
BackgroundBujdosó, O., Pál, L., Nagy, A. C., Árnyas, E. M., Ádány, R., Sándor, J., McKee, M., & Szűcs, S. (2019) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Drinking patterns and harm of unrecorded alcohol in Russia: a qualitative interview study
Neufeld, M., Wïttchen, H., & Rehm, J. T. (2017) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2016.1274736 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Unrecorded alcohol is alcohol, which is consumed as a beverage, but is not accounted for in any official statistics such as statistics on alcohol taxation and/or sales (World Health Organization 2014, for definitions of unrecorded see Lachenmeier et al. 2013; Rehm et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEstimation of Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption in Low‐, Middle‐, and High‐Income Economies for 2010
Rehm, J. T., Larsen, E., Lewis‐Laietmark, C., Gheorghe, P., Poznyak, V. B., Rekve, D., & Fleischmann, A. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13067 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMartínez‐Francés, V., Rivera, D., Obón, C., Alcaraz, F., & Ríos, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.713414 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It has been estimated that almost onequarter of all the alcohol consumed worldwide is drunk in the form of unrecorded alcohol (Rehm et al., 2014; WHO, 2018; Okaru et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDetermination of phthalates in plum spirit and their occurrence during plum spirit production
Jurica, K., Karačonji, I. B., Lasić, D., Lušić, D. V., Jurica, S. A., & Lušić, D. (2016) · Acta Alimentaria · doi:10.1556/066.2016.45.1.17 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Heavy metal contamination in recorded and unrecorded spirits. Should we worry?
Pál, L., Muhollari, T., Bujdosó, O., Baranyai, E., Nagy, A. C., Árnyas, E. M., Ádány, R., Sándor, J., McKee, M., & Szűcs, S. (2020) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104723 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neufeld, M., Wïttchen, H., Ross, L. E., Ferreira‐Borges, C., & Rehm, J. T. (2019) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-019-0234-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationRoom, R., & Rehm, J. T. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Particularly in low-and middle-income countries, there may be a need to take account of unrecorded alcohol (Okaru et al., 2019; Rehm et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLauer, J. A., Sassi, F., Soucat, A. L. B., & Vigo, A. (2021) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE) eBooks · doi:10.1142/q0365 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Neufeld, M., Lachenmeier, D. W., Walch, S. G., & Rehm, J. T. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11418.1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiss, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Santos, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042617750579 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, sole reliance on official alcohol sales may underestimate consumption in certain countries (Rehm et al., 2014; WHO, 2014b).”
BackgroundAlcohol Use in China: Unrecorded and Recorded Bai Jiu in Three Rural Regions
Ding, L., Song, B., Chengli, W., Newman, I. M., Yuen, L., Qian, L., Wang, B., Zhang, W., & Wei, P. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010405 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A recent systematic review of unrecorded alcohol consumption around the world noted a “dearth of information on China” [9] (p.”
BackgroundResultNeufeld, M., Ferreira‐Borges, C., & Rehm, J. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218205 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The Eurasian Economic Union’s technical regulation (TR EAEU 047/2018), “On safety of alcoholic beverages,” applies to all types of alcoholic beverages intended for human use in the territory of the EAEU member states (for the distinction between alcohol for human use and so-called surrogate alcohol, see [21]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNewman, I. M., Qian, L., Tamrakar, N., Feng, Y., & Xu, G. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13280 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“However, a global 2014 systematic review of chemical studies of unrecorded alcohol (Rehm et al., 2014) suggested that contamination is unusual and the danger to public health of unrecorded alcohol is comparable to that of recorded alcohol, in that both pose a risk to health resulting from the ethanol (EtOH) concentrat…”
BackgroundInfluentialRovira, P., Kilian, C., Neufeld, M., Rumgay, H., Soerjomataram, I., Ferreira‐Borges, C., Shield, K. D., Sornpaisarn, B., & Rehm, J. T. (2020) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000511899 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationUnrecorded Alcohol Consumption in Seven European Union Countries
Manthey, J., Probst, C., Kilian, C., Moskalewicz, J., Sierosławski, J., Karlsson, T., & Rehm, J. T. (2020) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000506333 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationIs There a Need for Alcohol Policy to Mitigate Metal Contamination in Unrecorded Fruit Spirits?
Lachenmeier, D. W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072452 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“alcoholic strength) in unrecorded alcohols [1,19,20] and epidemiological research provides evidence that unrecorded alcohols are typically consumed in more detrimental patterns of drinking [1,3].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationManthey, J., Braddick, F., López‐Pelayo, H., Shield, K. D., Rehm, J. T., & Kilian, C. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104028 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh Ethanol Contents of Spirit Drinks in Kibera Slums, Kenya: Implications for Public Health
Okaru, A. O., Abuga, K. O., Kibwage, I. O., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2017) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods6100089 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This study in Kenya, which found extreme and unlabeled alcoholic strengths in unrecorded spirits, corroborates results from other countries (see [38,39]) namely that the only common element is the higher alcoholic strength of unrecorded products compared with licit spirits.”
ResultSelf-citationWestenberg, J. N., Kamel, M. M., Addorisio, S., Abusamak, M., Wong, J. S. H., Outadi, A., Jang, K. L., & Krausz, M. R. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00555-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Probst, C., Manthey, J., Ferreira‐Borges, C., Neufeld, M., Ivo Rakovac, A., Andreasyan, D., Sturua, L., Novik, I., Hagverdiyev, G., Obreja, G., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051874 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, I. M., Qian, L., Tamrakar, N., & Zhang, B. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122710 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Studies of unrecorded alcohol found that, with the possible exception of the tax and crime concerns, the burden on societies from unrecorded alcohol was the same as presented by recorded alcohol [2,4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWei, S., Yin, P., Newman, I. M., Qian, L., Shell, D. F., & Yuen, L. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101099 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Low cost unrecorded alcohol has been suggested to increase burden of alcohol-related diseases because it potentially enables excessive use [5].”
BackgroundAlcohol taxation, alcohol consumption and cancers in Lithuania: A case study
Rovira, P., Belian, G., Ferreira‐Borges, C., Kilian, C., Neufeld, M., Tran, A., Štelemėkas, M., & Rehm, J. T. (2021) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/14550725211021318 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, there may be some impact of unrec-orded consumption (Rehm et al., 2014) via cross-border shopping, as the Baltic countries are small and price differentials are relatively large (Pa¨rna, 2020).”
Self-citationAlcohol use during pregnancy in rural Lesotho: “There is nothing else except alcohol”
Marlow, M., Christie, H., Skeen, S., Rabie, S., Louw, J. G., Swartz, L., Mofokeng, S., Makhetha, M., & Tomlinson, M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114482 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Harmful volatile substances in recorded and unrecorded fruit spirits
Čonić, B. S., Kladar, N., Božin, B. N., & Torović, L. D. (2022) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103981 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Newman, I. M., Qian, L., Tamrakar, N., Feng, Y., & Xu, G. (2017) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.v0i0.236 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A return on investment analysis for the 2017 increase in alcohol excise taxation in Lithuania
Rehm, J. T., Rovira, P., Hassan, A. S., de Oliveira, C., Lange, S., Thompson, M. J., Tamutienė, I., Liutkutė, V., Galkus, L., & Štelemėkas, M. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70083 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRehm, J. T., Crépault, J., & Fischer, B. (2016) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.114 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk factor policies, morbidity, and mortality in Russia
Rehm, J. T., & Ferreira‐Borges, C. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32043-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of alcohol sales restrictions on alcohol poisoning mortality: Evidence from Russia
Skorobogatov, A. S. (2021) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4251 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sornpaisarn, B., Shield, K. D., Cohen, J. E., Schwartz, R. M., & Rehm, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv163 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTatarková, M., Baška, T., Sovičová, M., Kuka, S., Štefanová, E., Novák, M., Váňová, B., & Hudečková, H. (2019) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a5524 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Artisanal fermented beverages and spirits have become the most common categories of alcohol beverages for own consumption globally (2).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Rehm, J., Kailasapillai, S., Larsen, E., Rehm, M. X., Samokhvalov, A. V., Shield, K. D., Roerecke, M., & Lachenmeier, D. W.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rehm, Jürgen
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-03-03
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 880-893
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162137670
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- unrecorded alcohol, illicit alcohol, artisanal spirits, fermented beverages, cross-border shopping, ethanol, heavy drinking, alcohol prices
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Alcoholic Beverages, Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Data Collection, Humans, Risk Assessment, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Internationality
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