Age at menarche, schooling, and sexual debut in northern Malawi
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BACKGROUND: Age at sexual debut is a key behavioural indicator used in HIV behavioural surveillance. Early age at menarche may precipitate early sex through perceived readiness for sex, or through school drop-out, but this is rarely studied. We investigated trends and circumstances of sexual debut in relation to schooling and age at menarche. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A cross-sectional sexual behaviour survey was conducted on all individuals age 15-59 within a demographic surveillance site in Karonga District, Malawi. Time trends were assessed using birth cohorts. Survival analysis was used to estimate the median age at menarche, sexual debut and first marriage. The 25(th) centile was used to define "early" sex, and analyses of risk factors for early sex were restricted to those who had reached that age, and were done using logistic regression. Of the 8232 women and 7338 men resident in the area, 88% and 78%, respectively, were seen, and, 94% and 92% of these were interviewed. The median reported age at first sex was 17.5 for women and 18.8 for men. For women, ages at menarche, sexual debut and first marriage did not differ by birth cohort. For men, age at sexual debut and first marriage decreased slightly in later birth cohorts. For both men and women increased schooling was associated with later sexual debut and a longer delay between sexual debut and first marriage, but the associations were stronger for women. Earlier age at menarche was strongly associated with earlier sexual debut and marriage and lower schooling levels. In women early sexual debut (<16 years) was less likely in those with menarche at age 14-15 (odds ratio (OR) 0.31, 95%CI 0.26-0.36), and ≥16 (OR 0.04, 95%CI 0.02-0.05) compared to those with menarche at <14. The proportion of women who completed primary school was 46% in those with menarche at <14, 60% in those with menarche at 14-15 and 70% in those with menarche at ≥16. The association between age at menarche and schooling was partly explained by age at sexual debut. The association between age at menarche and early sex was not altered by adjusting for schooling. CONCLUSIONS: Women with early menarche start sex and marry early, leading to school drop-out. It is important to find ways to support those who reach menarche early to access the same opportunities as other young women.
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In some cultures, menarche signifies readiness for sexual activity and marriage, with particular implications for sexual and reproductive health as well as educational attainment.
“In some cultures, menarche signifies readiness for sexual activity and marriage, with particular implications for sexual and reproductive health as well as educational attainment [18–20].”
From A qualitative exploration of menstruation-related restrictive practices in Fiji, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
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Starting, Stopping and Switching: Contraceptive Dynamics and Fertility in Rural Northern Malawi
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Targeted Combination HIV Prevention Packages to Halt the Global HIV
Daniels, B. B., & Gita Ramjee, H. (2012)
Menarche as a predictor of risk-taking behavior in a sample of Hungarian adolescent girls
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The Effects Of Early Menarche On Sexual And Reproductive Health: A Scoping Review
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- Authors
- Glynn, J. R., Kayuni, N., Floyd, S., Banda, E., Francis-Chizororo, M., Tanton, C., Molesworth, A., Hemmings, J., Crampin, A. C., & French, N.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (MW)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Glynn, Judith R.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-12-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e15334
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3000342
- OpenAlex
- W2136598354
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (079828, 079828/Z/06/Z, 079828/Z/06)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- age at menarche, age at first sexual intercourse, school education, early sexual initiation, first marriage, birth cohort trends, sexual behavior, women's education, Northern Malawi, Karonga
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Malawi, Male, Menarche, Middle Aged, Puberty, Risk Factors, Sexual Behavior
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