Reduced Metabolic Cost of Locomotion in Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea) during Winter
Open accessAbstract
The Svalbard rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta hyperborea experiences extreme photoperiodic and climatic conditions on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. This species, however, is highly adapted to live in this harsh environment. One of the most striking adaptations found in these birds is the deposition, prior to onset of winter, of fat stores which may comprise up to 32% of body mass and are located primarily around the sternum and abdominal region. This fat, while crucial to the birds' survival, also presents a challenge in that the bird must maintain normal physiological function with this additional mass. In particular these stores are likely to constrain the respiratory system, as the sternum and pelvic region must be moved during ventilation and carrying this extra load may also impact upon the energetic cost of locomotion. Here we demonstrate that winter birds have a reduced cost of locomotion when compared to summer birds. A remarkable finding given that during winter these birds have almost twice the body mass of those in summer. These results suggest that Svalbard ptarmigan are able to carry the additional winter fat without incurring any energetic cost. As energy conservation is paramount to these birds, minimising the costs of moving around when resources are limited would appear to be a key adaptation crucial for their survival in the barren Arctic environment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Similar unexpected results were reported previously in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea): the male exhibits a lower metabolic rate during locomotion during periods when body mass (Mb) is increased.
“Similar unexpected results were reported previously in another Galliforme species, the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea)23. The male Svalbard rock ptarmigan also exhibits a lower metabolic rate during locomotion during periods when Mb is increased”
From The peacock train does not handicap cursorial locomotor performance (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Brody, S., & Lardy, H. A. (1946) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j150446a008 · Cited by 3,459 · see citing works
Jaap, R. G. (1946) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.0250096 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure
Cavagna, G., Heglund, N. C., & Taylor, C. R. (1977) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r243 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor
Geiser, F. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
HEAT REGULATION IN SOME ARCTIC AND TROPICAL MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Scholander, P. F., Hock, R. J., Walters, V., JOHNSON, F., & Irving, L. (1950) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.2307/1538741 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Energetics of running: a new perspective
Kram, R., & Taylor, C. R. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346265a0 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Lighton, J. R. B. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310610.001.0001 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Predation Risk and Unpredictable Feeding Conditions: Determinants of Body Mass in Birds
Lima, S. L. (1986) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938580 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
The ecological costs of avian fat storage
Witter, M. S., & Cuthill, I. C. (1993) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1993.0050 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Measuring Metabolic Rates: A Manual for Scientists
Lighton, J. R. B. (2008) · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C., & Maloiy, G. M. O. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.97.1.1 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Energetics and Mechanics of Terrestrial Locomotion
Taylor, C. R., & Heglund, N. C. (1982) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.44.030182.000525 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking
Browning, R. C., Baker, E., Herron, J. A., & Kram, R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2005 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Bipedal locomotion: effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans
Gatesy, S. M., & Biewener, A. A. (1991) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04794.x · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Blem, C. R. (1990) · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Energetic cost of carrying loads: have African women discovered an economic way?
Maloiy, G. M. O., Heglund, N. C., Prager, L. M., Cavagna, G., & Taylor, C. R. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319668a0 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Patterns of Lipid Storage and Utilization in Birds
Blem, C. R. (1976) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/16.4.671 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Thermal conductance in birds and mammals
Herreid, C. F., & Kessel, B. (1967) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/0010-406x(67)90802-x · Cited by 353 · see citing works
One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems
Fedak, M. A., Rome, L., & Seeherman, H. J. (1981) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1981.51.3.772 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Energetic Cost of Generating Muscular Force During Running
Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C., McMahon, T. A., & Looney, T. R. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.86.1.9 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Griffin, T. M., Roberts, T. J., & Kram, R. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00944.2002 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Pond, C. M. (1978) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.002511 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Energetics of Bipedal Running: I. Metabolic Cost of Generating Force
Roberts, T. J., Kram, R., Weyand, P. G., & Taylor, C. R. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.201.19.2745 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Impaired predator evasion in fat blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla)
Kullberg, C., Fransson, T., & Jakobsson, S. (1996) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0244 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Design, calibration and calculation for flow-through respirometry systems
Withers, P. C. (2001) · Australian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1071/zo00057 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
AVIAN FACULTATIVE HYPOTHERMIC RESPONSES: A REVIEW
McKechnie, A. E., & Lovegrove, B. G. (2002) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0705:afhrar]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Energetic Cost and Preferred Speed of Walking in Obese vs. Normal Weight Women
Browning, R. C., & Kram, R. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.103 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Diurnal variation in flight performance and hence potential predation risk in small birds
Metcalfe, N. B., & Ure, S. E. (1995) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0165 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Odum, E. P., & Perkinson, J. D. (1951) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/physzool.24.3.30152115 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Energy-saving gait mechanics with head-supported loads
Heglund, N. C., Willems, P. A., Penta, M., & Cavagna, G. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/375052a0 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Historical Perspectives: Plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle
Pette, D. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.1119 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Predation Risk and Fasting Capacity: Do Wintering Birds Maintain Optimal Body Mass?
Rogers, C. M. (1987) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938377 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Rubenson, J., Heliams, D. B., Lloyd, D. G., & Fournier, P. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Goldstein, D. L. (1988) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/28.3.829 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Fedak, M. A., Heglund, N. C., & Taylor, C. R. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.97.1.23 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
EVOLUTION OF DAILY TORPOR AND HIBERNATION IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS: IMPORTANCE OF BODY SIZE
Geiser, F. (1998) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02287.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size
Hutchinson, J. R., Schwerda, D., Famini, D., Dale, R., Fischer, M. S., & Kram, R. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02443 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Fedak, M. A., & Seeherman, H. J. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/282713a0 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Mammalian Terrestrial Locomotion and Size
Biewener, A. A. (1989) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1311183 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Terrestrial Locomotion in Penguins: It Costs More to Waddle
Pinshow, B., Fedak, M. A., & Schmidt‐Nielsen, K. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.835018 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Running in cheetahs, gazelles, and goats: energy cost and limb configuration
Taylor, C. A., Shkolnik, A., Dmi’el, R., et al. (1974) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.4.848 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Time of Contact and Step Length: the Effect of Limb Length, Running Speed, Load Carrying and Incline
Hoyt, D. F., Wickler, S. J., & Cogger, E. A. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.203.2.221 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Bipedal locomotion in ratites (Paleognatiform): examples of cursorial birds
Abourachid, A., & Renous, S. (2000) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2000.tb04455.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Guineafowl hind limb function. II: Electromyographic analysis and motor pattern evolution
Gatesy, S. M. (1999) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199905)240:2 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Penguin waddling is not wasteful
Griffin, T. M., & Kram, R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35050167 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Energetics of Load Carrying in Nepalese Porters
Bastien, G. J., Schepens, B., Willems, P. A., & Heglund, N. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1111513 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The structure and function of normally mineralizing avian tendons
Landis, W. J., & Silver, F. H. (2002) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00248-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Odum, E. P. (1958) · Bird-Banding · doi:10.2307/4510683 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Voluntary running in deer mice: speed, distance, energy costs and temperature effects
Chappell, M. A., Garland, T., Rezende, E. L., & Gomes, F. R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01213 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Patterns of mechanical energy change in tetrapod gait: pendula, springs and work
Biewener, A. A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Comparative Experimental Biology · doi:10.1002/jez.a.334 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A reassessment of the effect of body mass upon flight speed and predation risk in birds
Veasey, J. S., Metcalfe, N. B., & Houston, D. C. (1998) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0880 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Regulation of metabolic rate in Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer
Nilssen, K. J., Sundsfjord, J. A., & Blix, A. S. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.5.r837 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Pohl, H. H., & West, G. C. (1973) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(73)90088-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Fuglei, E., & Øritsland, N. A. (1999) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology · doi:10.1007/s003600050232 · Cited by 100 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Mass specific RMR is 20% below summer values during winter, similar to other over-wintering species on Svalbard [53,65].”
BackgroundDo mechanical gait parameters explain the higher metabolic cost of walking in obese adolescents?
Peyrot, N., Thivel, D., Isacco, L., Morin, J.-B., Duché, P., & Belli, A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91240.2008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Marsh, R. L., Ellerby, D. J., Henry, H. T., & Rubenson, J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02226 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Energetic cost of running and heat balance in a large bird, the rhea
Taylor, C., Dmi’el, R., Fedak, M. A., & Schmidt‐Nielsen, K. (1971) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.2.597 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Acquisition and Maintenance Costs in the Long-Term Regulation of Avian Fat Reserves
Houston, A. I., Welton, N. J., & McNamara, J. M. (1997) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546301 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Functional significance of the uncinate processes in birds
Tickle, P. G., Ennos, A. R., Lennox, L., et al. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.008953 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The skeletal kinematics of lung ventilation in three basal bird taxa (emu, tinamou, and guinea fowl)
Claessens, L. P. A. M. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological Genetics and Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.501 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Food intake, feeding rhythm, and body mass regulation in Svalbard rock ptarmigan
Stokkan, K. ‐., Mortensen, A., & Blix, A. S. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1986.251.2.r264 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationEnergetic cost of locomotion in the tammar wallaby
Baudinette, R. V., Snyder, G. K., & Frappell, P. B. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.5.r771 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Role of Mineral in the Storage of Elastic Energy in Turkey Tendons
Silver, F. H., Christiansen, D. L., Snowhill, P. B., et al. (2000) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm9900139 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Activity rhythm in High Arctic Svalbard ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus)
Reierth, E., & Stokkan, K. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z98-173 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationAbourachid, A. (2001) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00471-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reierth, E., Hof, T. J. V., & Stokkan, K. (1999) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873099129000731 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationEnergetics of running activity in Merriam's chipmunk, Eutamias merriami
Wunder, B. A. (1970) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/0010-406x(70)90031-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Optimization of short-term animal behaviour and the currency of time
Tolkamp, B. J., Emmans, G. C., Yearsley, J. M., & Kyriazakis, I. (2002) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.2008 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Compass gait mechanics account for top walking speeds in ducks and humans
Usherwood, J. R., Szymanek, K. L., & Daley, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.023416 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mortensen, A., Unander, S., Kolstad, M., et al. (1983) · Ornis Scandinavica · doi:10.2307/3676018 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Arctic animals and their adaptations to life on the edge
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-4022 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Energy metabolism and heart rate during treadmill exercise in the Marabou stork
Bamford, O. S., & Maloiy, G. M. O. (1980) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1980.49.3.491 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Seasonal changes in body mass, body composition and food requirements in wild migratory birds
Scott, I. A., Mitchell, P. I., & Evans, P. R. (1994) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19940062 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hancock, J. A., Stevens, N. J., & Biknevicius, A. R. (2007) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00688.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Inexpensive Load Carrying by Rhinoceros Beetles
Kram, R. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.199.3.609 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mortensen, A., & Blix, A. S. (1986) · Ornis Scandinavica · doi:10.2307/3676746 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
What are the relations between mechanics, gait parameters, and energetics in terrestrial locomotion?
Hoyt, D. F., Wickler, S. J., Dutto, D. J., Catterfeld, G. E., & Johnsen, D. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Comparative Experimental Biology · doi:10.1002/jez.a.335 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wunder, B. A. (1970) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/0010-406x(70)90357-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Respiration in Exercising Fowl
Brackenbury, J. H., Avery, P. J., & Gleeson, M. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.93.1.317 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Energetics and Adaptations to Cold in Ptarmigan in Winter
Stokkan, K.-A. (1992) · Ornis Scandinavica · doi:10.2307/3676662 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung wallabies get a free ride
Baudinette, R. V., & Biewener, A. A. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27111 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tickle, P. G., Richardson, M. F., & Codd, J. R. (2010) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGowan, C. P., Duarte, H. A., Main, J. B., & Biewener, A. A. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01538.2005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Thyroid Hormones: Mediators of Seasonal Physiology
Bechtold, D. A., & Loudon, A. S. I. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0596 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fuglesteg, B. N., Haga, Ø. E., Folkow, L. P., Fuglei, E., & Blix, A. S. (2006) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0054-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationEnergetics and kinematics of walking in the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
Nudds, R. L., Gardiner, J., Tickle, P. G., & Codd, J. R. (2010) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite, C. R., Martin, G. R., & Butler, P. J. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-008-0265-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stokkan, K. ‐., Harvey, S. A. K., KLANDORF, H., et al. (1985) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0016-6480(85)90137-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotoperiodic and ambient temperature control of the annual body mass cycle in Svalbard ptarmigan
Stokkan, K. ‐., Lindg�rd, K., & Reierth, E. (1995) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/bf00387306 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationDual Entrainment by Light and Food in the Svalbard Ptarmigan ( Lagopus mutus hyperboreus )
Reierth, E., & Stokkan, K. (1998) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049801300504 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationLow costs of terrestrial locomotion in waders
Bruinzeel, L. W., Piersma, T., Kersten, M., et al. (1999) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
What explains the trot–gallop transition in small mammals?
Iriarte-Díaz, J., Bozinovic, F., & Vásquez, R. A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02473 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Uncinate Process Length in Birds Scales with Resting Metabolic Rate
Tickle, P. G., Nudds, R. L., & Codd, J. R. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005667 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationKinematic parameters of the walking of herons, ground-feeders, and waterfowl
Fujita, M. (2004) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.07.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mortensen, A., & Blix, A. S. (1989) · Ornis Scandinavica · doi:10.2307/3676703 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Daylength Control of Food Intake and Body Weight in Svalbard Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus hyperboreus
Lindgård, K., & Stokkan, K.-A. (1989) · Ornis Scandinavica · doi:10.2307/3676910 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPedersen, Å. Ø., Lier, M., Routti, H., et al. (2009) · ARCTIC · doi:10.14430/arctic364 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [66]Blix AS 1989 Arctic resignation: winter dormancy without hypothermia. Malan A Canguilhem B Living in the cold 2nd international symposium Paris John Libbey Eurotext Ltd 117 119
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The peacock train does not handicap cursorial locomotor performance
Thavarajah, N. K., Tickle, P. G., Nudds, R. L., & Codd, J. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36512 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lees, J., Nudds, R., Stokkan, K.-A., Folkow, L., & Codd, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Codd, Jonathan
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-11-15
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e15490
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2981580
- OpenAlex
- W2112659042
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- British Pharmacological Society
- University of Manchester
- Medical Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (G/01138/1, BB/G011338/1)
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Keywords
- cost of locomotion, body mass, respiratory system, energy conservation, photoperiod adaptation, Arctic adaptation, flight energetics
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Arctic Regions, Biomechanical Phenomena, Body Weight, Carbon Dioxide, Energy Metabolism, Fats, Locomotion, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Seasons, Svalbard, Animal Migration, Galliformes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
