The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DNA Methylation Profiles of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Gene as a Potent Diagnostic Biomarker in Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
Major depression, because of its recurring and life-threatening nature, is one of the top 10 diseases for global disease burden. Major depression is still diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms in patients. The search for specific biological markers is of great importance to advance the method of diagnosis for depression. We examined the methylation profile of 2 CpG islands (I and IV) at the promoters of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, which is well known to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. We analyzed genomic DNA from peripheral blood of 20 Japanese patients with major depression and 18 healthy controls to identify an appropriate epigenetic biomarker to aid in the establishment of an objective system for the diagnosis of depression. Methylation rates at each CpG unit was measured using a MassArray® system (SEQUENOM), and 2-dimensional hierarchical clustering analyses were undertaken to determine the validity of these methylation profiles as a diagnostic biomarker. Analyses of the dendrogram from methylation profiles of CpG I, but not IV, demonstrated that classification of healthy controls and patients at the first branch completely matched the clinical diagnosis. Despite the small number of subjects, our results indicate that classification based on the DNA methylation profiles of CpG I of the BDNF gene may be a valuable diagnostic biomarker for major depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
![Figure 2 Hierarchic cluster analysis of subjects and their methylation profiles at CpG I of the BDNF gene. Two-way hierarchic cluster analysis of 38 samples (rows) and DNA methylation of CpG units at CpG I of the BDNF gene (columns). DNA methylation values are depicted by a pseudocolor scale as indicated (methylation increases from red [nonmethylated] to white [methylated]). Samples with overall poor data quality were removed before clustering. Gray denotes data of poor quality. Samples are color-coded according to the diagnoses of samples (legend depicted lower left). The stars(★) ahead of several CpG units indicate CpG units which have statistically significant p-values in subsequent analyses by t-test.](/paper-figures/fe4025408ac1437fa56ef69691a7b959/dna-methylation-profiles-of-the-brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor-bdnf-gene-as-a-figure-2.jpg)
![Figure 3 Hierarchic cluster analysis of subjects and their methylation profiles at CpG IV of the BDNF gene. Two-way hierarchic cluster analysis of 38 samples (rows) and DNA methylation of CpG units at CpG IV of the BDNF gene (columns). DNA methylation values are depicted by a pseudocolor scale as indicated (methylation increases from red [nonmethylated] to white [methylated]). Samples with overall poor data quality were removed before clustering. Gray denotes data of poor quality. Samples are color-coded according to the diagnoses of samples (legend depicted lower left).](/paper-figures/ac5f85d18e1d4efcb7c546bb5594e404/dna-methylation-profiles-of-the-brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor-bdnf-gene-as-a-figure-3.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In depression, studies report low peripheral BDNF levels and higher promoter methylation, while antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) increase BDNF expression and reverse methylation”
From The clinical use of epigenetics in psychiatry: a narrative review of epigenetic mechanisms, key candidate genes, and precision psychiatry (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“and altered patterns of BDNF DNA methylation has been found in patients with cognitive impairments [ 167 , 169 , 170 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [169]
In the citing paper
“The DNA methylation profile of two CpG islands in the BDNF (BDNF-I and -IV) promoter and exon I was significantly different between depressed patients and healthy controls.”
From Epigenetic mechanisms of major depression: Targeting neuronal plasticity (2018) · cites this paper as [127]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T., & Murray, C. J. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68770-9 · Cited by 5,630
Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder
Weissman, M. M. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540040037030 · Cited by 2,302
Carroll, B. J. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780260017001 · Cited by 2,243
Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action
Tsankova, N. M., Berton, O., Renthal, W., Kumar, A., Neve, R. L., & Nestler, E. J. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1659 · Cited by 1,780
DNA Methylation-Related Chromatin Remodeling in Activity-Dependent Bdnf Gene Regulation
Martinowich, K., Hattori, D., Wu, H., Fouse, S., He, F., Hu, Y., Fan, G., & Sun, Y. E. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1090842 · Cited by 1,405
Epigenetic therapy of cancer: past, present and future
Yoo, C. B., & Jones, P. A. (2006) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1930 · Cited by 1,307
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–378 of 378
Czarny, P. L., Białek, K. I., Ziółkowska, S., Talarowska, M. E., & Śliwiński, T. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817935-2.00029-5 · Cited by 2
Schneider, B., & Prvulovic, D. (2015) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_1 · Cited by 1
5-Methycytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Psychiatric Epigenetics
Grayson, D. R., & Guidotti, A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417114-5.00010-3 · Cited by 1
Coulibaly, S. M., Mesfioui, A., Ouichou, A., N’Go, P. K., Hasnaoui, A. E., Nassiri, A., & Hessni, A. E. (2017) · Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.4236/ojemd.2017.711018 · Cited by 1
Gene-Environment Interactions and Role of Epigenetics in Depression
Lin, E., & Tsai, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6580-4_3 · Cited by 1
Epigenetic alterations associated with early prenatal dexamethasone treatment
Karlsson, L., Barbaro, M., Ewing, E., Gómez-Cabrero, D., & Lajić, S. (2019) · Yearbook of pediatric endocrinology · doi:10.1530/ey.16.8.15 · Cited by 1
Brain Imaging and the Mechanisms of Antidepressant Action
Godlewska, B. R., Selvaraj, S., & Cowen, P. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.020 · Cited by 1
Effects of Lithium on Brain Structure in Bipolar Disorder
Kaur, J., Kafantaris, V., & Szeszko, P. R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.018 · Cited by 1
Functional Connectome in Bipolar Disorder
Cha, J., & Anand, A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.008 · Cited by 1
Shimizu, Y., Yoshimoto, J., Takamura, M., Okada, G., Matsumoto, T., Fuchikami, M., Okada, S., Morinobu, S., Okamoto, Y., Yamawaki, S., et al. (2022) · APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing · doi:10.1561/116.00000042 · Cited by 1
Self-citationEpigenetic Mechanisms in the Development of Behavior
Hill, K. T., & Roth, T. L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy211 · Cited by 1
Sales, A. J. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2019.tde-27112018-153336 · Cited by 1
The impact of aversive caregiving on DNA methylation in blood and the prefrontal cortex
Duffy, H. B. D. (2025) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/kse7-3e24 · Cited by 1
The Associations between DNA Methylation and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPreprint
zhu, J., Liu, B.-P., Jia, C.-X., & Bo, H.-H. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4141241 · Cited by 1
Epigenetics of Brain Disorders
Jawaid, A., Kremer, E. A., & Mansuy, I. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805388-1.00036-5
Neuroimaging Genetics and Epigenetics in Brain and Behavioral Nosology
Schanker, B. D. (2012) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.721465
Scheuing, L. (2013) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware)
P.2.b.004 Longitudinal associations between BDNF promoter methylation and late-life depression
Kang, H., Kim, J. M., Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. Y., Bae, K., Kim, S. W., Shin, I., Kim, H. R., Shin, M. G., & Yoon, J. S. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70606-6
Ethnopharmacological and genetic study on the treatment of mental disorders: a systematic review
Lima, C. K. T., Pontes, L. Q., Pinho, L. G., Bezerra, M. R. L., Barroso, W. D. S., Júnior, A. G. T., Alves, M. N. T., Macedo, J. C. B., Feitosa, U. N. S., Neto, J. L. D. A., et al. (2015) · International Archives of Medicine · doi:10.3823/1787
Recent Findings in the Pathophysiology of Depression
Suzuki, M. (2012) · Journal of Nihon University Medical Association · doi:10.4264/numa.71.375
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Early Adverse Experience in the Development of Depression
Seo, M. K., Lee, J. G., Park, S. W., Lee, B. J., Baek, J. H., & Kim, Y. H. (2014) · 대한정신약물학회지
Methylation of the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene in Alcohol Use Disorder
Helmuth, T. B. (2016) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Epigenetic Effects of Nutrients Involved in Neurodevelopmental and Mental Disorders
Kubota, T., & Mochizuki, K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55530-0_10
Understanding the risk and functional importance of schizophrenia genetic factors
Cheah, S.-Y. (2016) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.101340
Bastos, L. C. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2018.tde-28032018-084201
Envolvimento do óxido nítrico na metilação do DNA induzida por estresse
Maciel, I. D. S. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2018.tde-25072018-094208
Montag, C., Kiefer, M., & Sanwald, S. (2018) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1675697
Epigenetic Changes in Cultures: Neurons and Astrocytes
Gavin, D. P., Zhang, X., & Guizzetti, M. (2019) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9228-7_7
Frieling, H., Bleich, S., & Neyazi, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813176-3.00030-4
Duffy, H. B. D., & Roth, T. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00016-5
Wang, X., Gao, Y., Min, G., & Guo, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2020.1010025
Epigenetic involvement in fetal and neonatal origins of late-onset disease
Kubota, T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819753-0.00009-x
Imaging Genetic and Epigenetic Markers in Mood Disorders
Poletti, S., Mazza, E. A., Vai, B., & Benedetti, F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.012
Brain Imaging of Reward Dysfunction in Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders
Kumar, P., Jiang, Y., & Whitton, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.006
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Unipolar Depression
Chen, Z., & Gong, Q. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.007
Brain Imaging Methods in Mood Disorders
Selvaraj, S., Brambilla, P., & Soares, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.002
Kious, B. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.009
Neuroimaging Brain Inflammation in Mood Disorders
Meyer, J. H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.011
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Studies in Mood Disorders
Matsuo, K., & Matsubara, T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.014
Neuroanatomical Findings in Unipolar Depression and the Role of the Hippocampus
Arnone, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.003
Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Pediatric Mood Disorders
West, M. P., Tang, W. J., & Singh, M. K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.005
fMRI Neurofeedback as Treatment for Depression
Skottnik, L., & Linden, D. E. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.013
Neuroanatomical Findings in Bipolar Disorder
Tronchin, G., & McDonald, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.004
Imaging Glutamatergic and GABAergic Abnormalities in Mood Disorders
Scotti-Muzzi, E., Otaduy, M. C. G., Soeiro‐de‐Souza, M. G., & Machado‐Vieira, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.010
Molecular Imaging of Dopamine and Antipsychotics in Bipolar Disorder
Jauhar, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.019
Magnetoencephalography Studies in Mood Disorders
Nugent, A. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.016
TCM Substances in Neuropsychopharmacotherapy: Basic Aspects with a Focus on Depression
Naoi, M., Maruyama, W., & Riederer, P. F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_394-1
Егорович, Х. С., Ivanov, M. V., Sogoyan, M. V., Yanushko, M. G., Tumova, M. A., Муслимова, Л. М., Stanovaya, V. V., Khutoryanskaya, Y. V., & Vissarionov, S. V. (2021) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2021-56-3-19-31
子どもの不安は親から受け継がれることもある？～脳内DNAメチル化と不安/恐怖記憶との関連について～
Matsuzawa, D. (2021) · doi:10.34572/jcbd.12.1_64
Selvaraj, S., Brambilla, P., & Soares, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.022
5-Methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in psychiatric epigenetics
Grayson, D. R., & Dunn, J. T. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823577-5.00033-7
Selvaraj, S., Brambilla, P., & Soares, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.001
Epigenetic Effects of Nutrients Involved in Neurodevelopmental and Mental Disorders
Kubota, T., & Mochizuki, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31143-2_10-1
Neurotrophic Mechanisms of Depression
Duman, R. S. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0027
Li, S., Liu, J., Huang, J., Luo, D., Wu, Q., Ning, B., Chen, L., Liu, J., & Fu, W. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-67828/v1
Epigenetics of Brain Disorders
Jawaid, A., Kremer, E. A., Carullo, N. V. N., & Mansuy, I. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91909-8.00025-6
Ko, Y. K., Chi, S., Nam, G.-H., Baek, K., Ahn, K., Ahn, Y., Kang, J. C., Lee, M., & Gim, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2190977/v1
Collins, N. J., Campbell, T. S., Donoghue, K. M., Ghosh, U., Smith, J. N., O’Shea, M. C., Nelson, C. M., Bigham, O. K., & Roth, T. L. (2022) · Molecular Psychology Brain Behavior and Society · doi:10.12688/molpsychol.17482.1 · Cited by 5
TCM Substances in Neuropsychopharmacotherapy: Basic Aspects with a Focus on Depression
Naoi, M., Maruyama, W., & Riederer, P. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_394
Old Protein, New Medicine - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor [Working Title]
Erbaş, O., & Altuntaş, İ. (2023) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.111201
Wang, Y., Hannon, E. J., Grant, O. A., Gorrie-Stone, T. J., Meena Kumari, B., Mill, J. S., Zhai, X., McDonald-Maier, K. D., & Schalkwyk, L. C. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14870249
Sales, A. J., Maciel, I. D. S., & Guimarães, F. S. (2025) · Pharmacological Research - Reports · doi:10.1016/j.prerep.2025.100032
Association between epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and brain pathophysiology
Kang, A. K., Dhawan, U., & Mallick, B. N. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149755
Pharmacoepigenetics of mood disorders
Bellia, F., Ballerini, P., & D’Addario, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18722-3.00019-0
Kusuma, R. M., Lesmana, M. H. S., Amelia, V. L., Ansar, M., Wiratama, B. S., Muhtar, M. S., & Chung, M. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03596-w
Moschny, N., Zindler, T., Jahn, K., Dorda, M., Davenport, C., Wiehlmann, L., Maier, H. B., Eberle, F., Bleich, S., Neyazi, A., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12737559
Bakusic, J., Vrieze, E., Ghosh, M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Bekaert, B., Claes, S., & Godderis, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15080035
Pathak, H., Borchert, A., Garaali, S., Burkert, A., & Frieling, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22607399
Li, S., Liu, J., Huang, J., Luo, D., Wu, Q., Ning, B., Chen, L., Liu, J., & Fu, W.-B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14516158
Fetal Programming: An Explanation on How Maternal Stress Impacts Future Generations
López‐Tello, J., Llorente‐Berzal, A., Arribas, S. L., & Ramiro‐Cortijo, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09245-8_13 · Cited by 1
(Ne)vidne posledice stresa v otroštvu: epigenetika in duševne motnje
Arčan, I. Š., & Šmon, J. (2026) · Alternator · doi:10.3986/alternator.2026.04
Mécanismes moléculaires à l'origine de la dysautonomie familiale
Hervé, M. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6564ee49z2810z4387zb80azee2206033835
Collins, N. J., Ross, S. E., Prysakar, M., Bigham, O., Ayers, L. W., Rosen, J. B., & Roth, T. L. (2026) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2026.100825
BDNF promoter methylation and genetic variation in late-life depression
Januar, V, Ancelin, M.-L., Ritchie, K., Saffery, R., & Ryan, J. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.114 · Cited by 139
Metadata
- Authors
- Fuchikami, M., Morinobu, S., Segawa, M., Okamoto, Y., Yamawaki, S., Ozaki, N., Inoue, T., Kusumi, I., Koyama, T., Tsuchiyama, K., & Terao, T.
- Affiliations
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Oita University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Morinobu, Shigeru
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-08-30
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e23881
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3166055
- OpenAlex
- W2074918990
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 10.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Hiroshima University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Hiroshima University Acedemic Information Repository (Hiroshima University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21591478)
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, DNA methylation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF gene, epigenetic biomarkers, diagnostic biomarkers, CpG islands, promoter methylation, peripheral blood DNA, depression diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Exons, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Epigenesis, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
