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Cited by 268Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

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Microglial Activation Correlates with Disease Progression and Upper Motor Neuron Clinical Symptoms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Brettschneider, Johannes, Toledo, Jon B., Van Deerlin, Vivianna M., Elman, Lauren, McCluskey, Leo, Lee, Virginia M.-Y., Trojanowski, John Q.·2012·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0039216PMC PMC3375234
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Abstract

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated clinicopathological correlates of upper motor neuron (UMN) damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and analyzed if the presence of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion was associated with alterations in microglial inflammatory activity. METHODS: Microglial pathology was assessed by IHC with 2 different antibodies (CD68, Iba1), myelin loss by Kluver-Barrera staining and myelin basic protein (MBP) IHC, and axonal loss by neurofilament protein (TA51) IHC, performed on 59 autopsy cases of ALS including 9 cases with C9ORF72 repeat expansion. RESULTS: Microglial pathology as depicted by CD68 and Iba1 was significantly more extensive in the corticospinal tract (CST) of ALS cases with a rapid progression of disease. Cases with C9ORF72 repeat expansion showed more extensive microglial pathology in the medulla and motor cortex which persisted after adjusting for disease duration in a logistic regression model. Higher scores on the clinical UMN scale correlated with increasing microglial pathology in the cervical CST. TDP-43 pathology was more extensive in the motor cortex of cases with rapid progression of disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that microglial pathology in the CST of ALS correlates with disease progression and is linked to severity of UMN deficits.

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Figure 1 Staging of CST degeneration in ALS. The figure illustrates the IHC staging used to grade the extent of microglial activation (CD68, Iba1) and axonal loss (MBP, KB, NF) in the CST of ALS patients. Images are taken from the lateral portion of the cervical CST. KB = Kluver-Barrera, MBP = myelin basic protein, NF = neurofilaments (TA51). Large images were taken with 4× objective, Scale bar is 1.0 mm. Small insert images were taken with 60× objective. Small insert image for CD68 stage “0” shows prominent neuronal nuclei, but no activated microglia.
Figure 1 Staging of CST degeneration in ALS. The figure illustrates the IHC staging used to grade the extent of microglial activation (CD68, Iba1) and axonal loss (MBP, KB, NF) in the CST of ALS patients. Images are taken from the lateral portion of the cervical CST. KB = Kluver-Barrera, MBP = myelin basic protein, NF = neurofilaments (TA51). Large images were taken with 4× objective, Scale bar is 1.0 mm. Small insert images were taken with 60× objective. Small insert image for CD68 stage “0” shows prominent neuronal nuclei, but no activated microglia.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Microglial pathology, TDP-43, and neuro-axonal loss in the neuraxis of ALS. Bar plots show extent of microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (a) and Iba1 (b) as well as TDP-43 pathology (c) and myelin loss as an indirect measure of axonal loss (d) in different regions of the neuraxis of ALS. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC = cervical spinal cord, grey = grey matter, LSC = lumbar spinal cord, Med = medulla oblongata, motor = motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), white = white matter.
Figure 2 Microglial pathology, TDP-43, and neuro-axonal loss in the neuraxis of ALS. Bar plots show extent of microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (a) and Iba1 (b) as well as TDP-43 pathology (c) and myelin loss as an indirect measure of axonal loss (d) in different regions of the neuraxis of ALS. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC = cervical spinal cord, grey = grey matter, LSC = lumbar spinal cord, Med = medulla oblongata, motor = motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), white = white matter.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Microglial pathology and progression of disease. Bar plot shows microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (a) and Iba1 (b) in ALS patients with a fast and a slow progression of disease. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC = cervical spinal cord, grey = grey matter, LSC = lumbar spinal cord, Mot = motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), Med = medulla oblongata, wh = white matter.
Figure 3 Microglial pathology and progression of disease. Bar plot shows microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (a) and Iba1 (b) in ALS patients with a fast and a slow progression of disease. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC = cervical spinal cord, grey = grey matter, LSC = lumbar spinal cord, Mot = motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), Med = medulla oblongata, wh = white matter.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Microglial pathology in ALS with/without C9ORF72 repeat expansion. Bar plot shows microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (above) and Iba1 (below) in ALS patients with and without presence of a C9ORF72 repeat expansion. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC = cervical spinal cord, gr = grey matter, LSC = lumbar spinal cord, Mot = motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), Med = medulla oblongata, wh = white.
Figure 4 Microglial pathology in ALS with/without C9ORF72 repeat expansion. Bar plot shows microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (above) and Iba1 (below) in ALS patients with and without presence of a C9ORF72 repeat expansion. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC = cervical spinal cord, gr = grey matter, LSC = lumbar spinal cord, Mot = motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), Med = medulla oblongata, wh = white.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Brettschneider, J., Toledo, J. B., Van Deerlin, V. M., Elman, L., McCluskey, L., Lee, V. M.-Y., & Trojanowski, J. Q.
Affiliations
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author
Brettschneider, Johannes
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2012-06-14
Volume
7
Issue
6
Pages
e39216
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0039216
PMC
PMC3375234
OpenAlex
W1974485241
Cited by
268
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 2
FWCI
8.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (AG10124)
  • National Institutes of Health (AG 10 124, AG 17586)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG033101, AG-32953, P30AG010124, P01AG017586, AG17586, AG-10124, K08AG033101, P01AG032953)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, microglial activation, upper motor neuron lesion, corticospinal tract, C9orf72 repeat expansion, disease progression, TDP-43 pathology, demyelination, axonal loss, neuroinflammation, motor cortex, medulla
MeSH terms
Aged, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Axons, Base Sequence, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Neurons, Cohort Studies, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Open Reading Frames, Microglia, DNA Primers, Disease Progression

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