Cited by 4,936Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ResearchGenetic Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

Expanded GGGGCC Hexanucleotide Repeat in Noncoding Region of C9ORF72 Causes Chromosome 9p-Linked FTD and ALS

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DeJesus-Hernandez, Mariely, Mackenzie, Ian R., Boeve, Bradley F., Boxer, Adam L., Baker, Matt, Rutherford, Nicola J., Nicholson, Alexandra M., Finch, NiCole A. +20 more·2011·Neuron

Abstract

Several families have been reported with autosomal-dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), genetically linked to chromosome 9p21. Here, we report an expansion of a noncoding GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in the gene C9ORF72 that is strongly associated with disease in a large FTD/ALS kindred, previously reported to be conclusively linked to chromosome 9p. This same repeat expansion was identified in the majority of our families with a combined FTD/ALS phenotype and TDP-43-based pathology. Analysis of extended clinical series found the C9ORF72 repeat expansion to be the most common genetic abnormality in both familial FTD (11.7%) and familial ALS (23.5%). The repeat expansion leads to the loss of one alternatively spliced C9ORF72 transcript and to formation of nuclear RNA foci, suggesting multiple disease mechanisms. Our findings indicate that repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is a major cause of both FTD and ALS.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.011

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  • The GGGGCC repeat expansion suppresses the production of C9ORF72 protein by inhibiting transcription.

    “The GGGGCC repeat expansion suppresses the production of C9ORF72 protein by inhibiting transcription (140, 153, 225, 369, 497, 520).”

    From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [140]

    The Results section reports loss of transcription of C9ORF72 variant 1 from the mutant allele and reduced levels of transcripts encoding isoform a. It also reports no appreciable change in total C9ORF72 protein levels, though those protein measurements were preliminary. The paper therefore does not establish that the expansion suppresses protein production. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Approximately 10% of ALS cases are familial with autosomal dominant inheritance of mutations reported in at least 15 genes, including SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, ANG, and OPTN, and an expanded hexanucleotide repeat of GGGGCC in a noncoding region of the C9ORF72 gene.

    “Approximately 10% of ALS cases are familial with autosomal dominant inheritance of mutations reported in at least 15 genes, including to name a few SOD1 , TARDBP , FUS , ANG , and OPTN (11, 18, 174, 465), and an expanded hexanucleotide repeat of GGGGCC in a noncoding region of the C9ORF72 gene (140, 497).”

    From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [140]

  • SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier with the assistance of endothelial cell monocarboxylate transport proteins.

    “They can also cross the BBB by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins in the BBB with the assistance of endothelial cell monocarboxylate transport proteins (56).”
  • The most common genes identified in clinical practice include SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP, FUS, and OPTN/TDP-43.

    “The most common genes identified in clinical practice include SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP, FUS, and OPTNTD-P43 (55–57, 73, 74).”
  • The C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion is the most common genetic cause of inherited ALS and FTD, accounting for 23-47% of familial cases and 4-21% of sporadic disease.

    “In 2011, the seminal discovery of disease-associated expansion mutations within the C9orf72 gene uncovered the most common genetic cause of inherited ALS and FTD, accounting for 23–47% of familial cases and 4–21% of sporadic disease.”

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Authors
DeJesus-Hernandez, M., Mackenzie, I. R., Boeve, B. F., Boxer, A. L., Baker, M., Rutherford, N. J., Nicholson, A. M., Finch, N. A., Flynn, H., Adamson, J., Kouri, N., Wojtas, A., Sengdy, P., Hsiung, G.-Y. R., Karydas, A., Seeley, W. W., Josephs, K. A., Coppola, G., Geschwind, D. H., Wszolek, Z. K., Feldman, H., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Miller, B. L., Dickson, D. W., Boylan, K. B., Graff-Radford, N. R., & Rademakers, R.
Affiliations
  • University of British Columbia (CA)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Mayo Clinic in Florida (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
  • Mackenzie, Ian R.
  • Rademakers, Rosa
Venue
Neuron
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-10
Volume
72
Issue
2
Pages
245-256
ISSN
0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2154945114
Cited by
4,936
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 192 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 327 · 2022: 348 · 2021: 407 · 2020: 383 · 2019: 338 · 2018: 342 · 2017: 338 · 2016: 324 · 2015: 354 · 2014: 330 · 2013: 349 · 2012: 310
FWCI
209.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neuron (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (P50 AG016574)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS057567, 1RC2NS070276, P50NS072187)
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (74580, 179009)
  • Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association
  • Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
  • National Institutes of Health (R01 AG026251, R01 AG037491, R01 NS065782)
  • Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (P50 AG1657303)
  • Mayo Clinic (U01 AG006786)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords
C9orf72, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chromosome 9p21, TDP-43 pathology, alternative splicing, familial neurodegenerative disease, genetic linkage
MeSH terms
C9orf72 Protein, Alleles, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Female, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Pedigree, Proteins, Microsatellite Repeats, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, DNA Repeat Expansion, Frontotemporal Dementia

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