Cited by 536Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaMigration, Health and Trauma

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A Systematic Review of PTSD Prevalence and Trajectories in DSM-5 Defined Trauma Exposed Populations: Intentional and Non-Intentional Traumatic Events

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Santiago, Patcho N., Ursano, Robert J., Gray, Christine L., Pynoos, Robert S., Spiegel, David, Lewis-Fernandez, Roberto, Friedman, Matthew J., Fullerton, Carol S.·2013·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0059236PMC PMC3623968

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review of the literature to explore the longitudinal course of PTSD in DSM-5-defined trauma exposed populations to identify the course of illness and recovery for individuals and populations experiencing PTSD. METHODS: We reviewed the published literature from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2010 for longitudinal studies of directly exposed trauma populations in order to: (1) review rates of PTSD in the first year after a traumatic event; (2) examine potential types of proposed DSM-5 direct trauma exposure (intentional and non-intentional); and (3) identify the clinical course of PTSD (early onset, later onset, chronicity, remission, and resilience). Of the 2537 identified articles, 58 articles representing 35 unique subject populations met the proposed DSM-5 criteria for experiencing a traumatic event, and assessed PTSD at two or more time points within 12 months of the traumatic event. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of PTSD across all studies decreases from 28.8% (range =3.1-87.5%) at 1 month to 17.0% (range =0.6-43.8%) at 12 months. However, when traumatic events are classified into intentional and non-intentional, the median prevalences trend down for the non-intentional trauma exposed populations, while the median prevalences in the intentional trauma category steadily increase from 11.8% to 23.3%. Across five studies with sufficient data, 37.1% of those exposed to intentional trauma develop PTSD. Among those with PTSD, about one third (34.8%) remit after 3 months. Nearly 40% of those with PTSD (39.1%) have a chronic course, and only a very small fraction (3.5%) of new PTSD cases appears after three months. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the trajectories of PTSD over time, and how it may vary by type of traumatic event (intentional vs. non-intentional) will assist public health planning and treatment.

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“Studies using DSM-IV criteria have followed subjects to examine the epidemiology of PTSD after disasters [3,4,5,6], other traumatic events [7,8,9], and military deployment”
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“Many survivors exhibit posttraumatic stress symptoms in the weeks and months after exposure [3], but waiting for individuals to develop PTSD before intervening can delay preventive or early effective treatment.”
Background
Longitudinal Course of Depressive, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms After Heart Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of 94 Studies
Rosson, S., Monaco, F., Miola, A., Cascino, G., Stubbs, B., Correll, C. U., Firth, J., Ermiş, Ç., Perrotti, A., Marciello, F., et al. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000872 · Cited by 29
Current and future functional imaging techniques for post-traumatic stress disorder
Prasad, A., Chaichi, A., Kelley, D. P., Francis, J., & Gartia, M. R. (2019) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c9ra03562a · Cited by 32
ACUTE AND LONG-TERM MENTAL AND PHYSICAL SEQUELAE IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMATIC EXPOSURE – SOME REMARKS ON “THE BODY KEEPS THE SCORE”
Kapfhammer, H. (2018) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2018.254 · Cited by 21
The relationship between tonic immobility and the development, severity, and course of posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic and meta-analytic literature review
Coimbra, B. M., Hoeboer, C. M., van Zuiden, M., Williamson, R. E., D'Elia, A. T., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Olff, M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102730 · Cited by 22
Epigenetic Age Acceleration and Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder following Exposure to Substantiated Child Maltreatment
Shenk, C. E., O’Donnell, K. J., Pokhvisneva, I., Kobor, M. S., Meaney, M. J., Bensman, H. E., Allen, E. K., & Olson, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1864738 · Cited by 24
“This increased prevalence is noteworthy from a public health perspective, as PTSD can have a severe and chronic course (Green et al., 2010; Santiago et al., 2013) that results in significantly higher medical costs (Bonomi et al., 2008) even when compared to more prevalent psychiatric disorders…”
Background
An Initial Examination of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenging Child Behaviors as Criterion A Traumatic Stressors
Schnabel, A., Hallford, D. J., Stewart, M., McGillivray, J., Forbes, D., & Austin, D. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2301 · Cited by 28
“It is possible to speculate about factors known to be associated with the development of PTSD, such as the severity of the traumatic event, the level of support received after the event, and aspects of individual coping after the event such as rumination or dissociation (Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Posttraumatic stress symptom courses in U.S. military veterans: A seven-year, nationally representative, prospective cohort study.
Mota, N., Cook, J., Smith, N. B., Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Krystal, J., Southwick, S., & Pietrzak, R. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.005 · Cited by 18
Emergency Organization of Child Psychiatric Care Following the Terrorist Attack on July 14, 2016, in Nice, France
Chauvelin, L., Gindt, M., Olliac, B., Robert, P., Thümmler, S., & Askenazy, F. (2018) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.51 · Cited by 18
“In addition, this pediatric CUMP had the specificity to be organized in a specific place dedicated to children and their families, and worked in conjunction with (1) the adult CUMP; (2) hospital emergency units; (3) child and adolescent psychiatry; and (4) adult community centers.”
BackgroundInfluential
Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Lifetime Stressor Checklist-Revised in Psychiatric Outpatients with Anxiety or Depressive Disorders
Choi, K., Kim, D., Jang, E. Y., Bae, H., & Kim, S. H. (2016) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2017.58.1.226 · Cited by 39
Soziales Trauma
Hamburger, A. (2016) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s00451-016-0231-1 · Cited by 15
“K Den umgekehrten Weg, von der Abstraktion zur inhaltlichen Spezifizierung oder Trauma-Taxonomie, schlugen nur wenige Studien ein (Amir et al. 1996; Briere et al. 1995; Kira et al. 2008, 2013; cf. Kirmayer et al. 2010; Santiago et al. 2013).”
Background
Personal Narratives in Trauma-Related Disorders: Contributions from a Metacognitive Approach and Treatment Considerations
Wiesepape, C. N., Smith, E. A., Muth, A. J., & Faith, L. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020150 · Cited by 28
“In fact, it is estimated that approximately 39% of individuals diagnosed with PTSD experience a chronic course (Santiago et al., 2013) and may experience symptoms of PTSD even after 10 years (Kessler et al., 1995).”
Sources of Social Support and Trauma Recovery: Evidence for Bidirectional Associations from a Recently Trauma-Exposed Community Sample
Sippel, L. M., Liebman, R. E., Schäfer, S., Ennis, N., Mattern, A. C., Rozek, D. C., & Monson, C. M. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs14040284 · Cited by 17
“Most of these individuals experience some post-traumatic stress symptoms that naturally abate within the first few weeks post trauma [4,5].”
Background
Socio-demographic and trauma-related predictors of depression within eight weeks of motor vehicle collision in the AURORA study
Joormann, J., McLean, S. A., Beaudoin, F. L., An, X., Stevens, J. S., Zeng, D., Neylan, T. C., Clifford, G. D., Linnstaedt, S. D., Germine, L. T., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003773 · Cited by 21
“Introduction Although most individuals experiencing a trauma do not develop adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS), a substantial number do (Koenen et al., 2017; Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Outcomes Six Months After Receiving a PTSD Diagnosis in Veterans Health Administration
Spoont, M., Nelson, D., Kehle-Forbes, S., Meis, L., Murdoch, M., Rosen, C., & Sayer, N. (2020) · Psychological services · doi:10.1037/ser0000463 · Cited by 17
“…high rates of mental health comorbidity and chronicity of PTSD among veterans (Marmar et al., 2015; Pietrzak, Goldstein, Southwick, & Grant, 2011; Santiago et al., 2013), patients were not excluded if they had prior mental health diagnoses (including PTSD) before the year prior to the index…”
Background
Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder
Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N., Kenardy, J. A., Robertson, L., Lewis, C., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006869.pub3 · Cited by 71
The association between traumatic experiences and substance and behavioral addictions in late adolescence: A role for PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators
Rossi, R., Reda, F., Federico, I., Jannini, T. B., Socci, V., D’Aurizio, G., Pettorruso, M., Pacitti, F., Rossi, A., Martinotti, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.023 · Cited by 18
A 3-year retrospective study of 866 children and adolescent outpatients followed in the Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center created after the 2016 mass terror attack
Gindt, M., Fernandez, A., Zeghari, R., Ménard, M.-L., Nachon, O., Richez, A., Auby, P., Battista, M., & Askenazy-Gittard, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1010957 · Cited by 22
Anxiety sensitivity as a transdiagnostic risk factor for trajectories of adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae in the AURORA study
Short, N. A., van Rooij, S. J. H., Murty, V. P., Stevens, J. S., An, X., Ji, Y., McLean, S. A., House, S. L., Beaudoin, F. L., Zeng, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.027 · Cited by 20
Tai Chi and Qigong for trauma exposed populations: A systematic review
Niles, B. L., Reid, K. F., Whitworth, J. W., Alligood, E. C., Williston, S. K., Grossman, D., McQuade, M., & Mori, D. L. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100449 · Cited by 21
Using a Brief Mental Imagery Competing Task to Reduce the Number of Intrusive Memories: Exploratory Case Series With Trauma-Exposed Women
Þórarinsdóttir, K., Holmes, E. A., Hardarson, J., Stephenssen, E. S., Jonasdottir, M. H., Kanstrup, M., Singh, L., Hauksdóttir, A., Halldorsdottir, T., Guðmundsdóttir, B., et al. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37382 · Cited by 17
Neurocognition after motor vehicle collision and adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae within 8 weeks: Initial findings from the AURORA study
Germine, L. T., Joormann, J., Passell, E. J., Rutter, L. A., Scheuer, L., Martini, P., Hwang, I. H., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., Barch, D. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.104 · Cited by 17
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mid-age and older adults differs by immigrant status and ethnicity, nutrition, and other determinants of health in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Davison, K., Hyland, C. E., West, M. L., Lin, S., Tong, H., Kobayashi, K. M., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-02003-7 · Cited by 25
Predictors of moral injury in UK treatment seeking veterans
Williamson, V., Greenberg, N. L., & Murphy, D. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104889 · Cited by 17
“Nonetheless, just as traumatic events do not always lead to PTSD (Santiago et al., 2013), the mere exposure to adverse event during military service may not always result in moral injury.”
Background
Psychological trauma in different mechanisms of traumatic injury: A hospital-based cross-sectional study
Agarwal, T. M., Muneer, M. T., Asim, M., Awad, M., Afzal, Y., Al-Thani, H. A. S., Alhassan, A., Mollazehi, M., & El-Menyar, A. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242849 · Cited by 18
“As reported by a systematic review, the prevalence of PTSD increases over time from in case of intentional trauma [20].”
Background
The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Symptom Clusters of PTSD: a Comparison with Victims of Other Traumatic Events
Pozza, A., Bossini, L., Ferretti, F., Olivola, M., Matto, L. D., Desantis, S., Fagiolini, A., & Coluccia, A. (2019) · Psychiatric quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09650-3 · Cited by 16
Development and predictors of psychological outcomes following the 2008 earthquake in Iceland: a longitudinal cohort study
Thordardottir, E. B., Guðmundsdóttir, H., Guðmundsdóttir, B., Hrólfsdóttir, A. M., Aspelund, T., & Hauksdóttir, A. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494818771444 · Cited by 19
“With regard to the trajectories of PTSD post-disaster, we did not observe a decrease in earthquake-specific PTSD symptoms over a 12-month period, contrary to the majority of previous studies [7,23].”
BackgroundResult
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Adults in Communities With Mass Violence Incidents
Moreland, A., Rancher, C., Davies, F., Bottomley, J. S., Galea, S., Abba-Aji, M., Abdalla, S., Schmidt, M. G., Vena, J. E., & Kilpatrick, D. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.23539 · Cited by 15
Profiles in COVID-19: peritraumatic stress symptoms and their relation with death anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion dysregulation
Siegel, A., Mor, I., & Lahav, Y. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1968597 · Cited by 18
“…although evidence indicates that only a minority of people are vulnerable to longterm distress in the aftermath of trauma exposure (Bonanno, 2004; Santiago et al., 2013), the global scale and ongoing nature of the present pandemic may significantly increase the mental health burden of…”
Background
Measuring Adverse Childhood Experiences: Comparing Individual, Composite, Score-based and Latent Profile-based Scoring Schemas Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men
Noor, S. W. B., Sutherland, J. E., Vernon, J. R. G., Adam, B. D., Brennan, D. J., & Hart, T. A. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01719-6 · Cited by 18
“, assault) and non-intentional events (e.g., motor vehicle accidents; Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Prospective writing: Randomized controlled trial of an intervention for facilitating growth after adversity
Roepke, A. M., Benson, L., Tsukayama, E., & Yaden, D. B. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1365161 · Cited by 20
“We have, however, used the same scales as 3–12 months (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995; Santiago et al., 2013), and grief is at its most acute in the first six months after a loss (Maciejewski, Zhang, Block, & Prigerson, 2007), trajectories of recovery are diverse (Norris, Tracy, &…”
Method
Predictors and Moderators of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: An Investigation of Anxiety Sensitivity and Resilience in Individuals with Chronic Pain
Lies, J., Lau, S. T., Jones, L. E., Jensen, M. P., & Tan, G. (2017) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v46n3p102 · Cited by 14
Work-Associated Trauma
Morganstein, J. C., West, J. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55583-6_2 · Cited by 30
“Events that are the result (Santiago et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Injury: Trajectories and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life
Haagsma, J., van Beeck, E. F., Toet, H., & Polinder, S. (2013) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.s4-002 · Cited by 15
“published a systematic review of 58 longitudinal studies and a meta-analysis of the trajectories of PTSD [8].”
Background
Prospective network of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms across adolescent survivors with distinct trajectories of PTSD: a cohort study of the Wenchuan earthquake.
Ma, Z., Wang, D., Fu, X., Tao, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, W., & Fan, F. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102767 · Cited by 14
Impact of peritraumatic dissociation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: A longitudinal study
Benzakour, L., Braillard, O., Mazzola, V., Gex, D., Nehme, M., Perone, S. A., Agoritsas, T., Kopp, G., Cereghetti, S., Bondolfi, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.031 · Cited by 13
Childhood trauma as a predictor of reoffending in a Northern Irish probation sample.
Dalsklev, M., Cunningham, T., Travers, Á., McDonagh, T., Shannon, C., Downes, C., & Hanna, D. (2019) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104168 · Cited by 14
Exposure to Traumatic Events and PTSD in a Postconflict and Disaster-Prone Area
Marthoenis, M., Meutia, I., Sofyan, H., & Schouler‐Ocak, M. (2018) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1423867 · Cited by 22
“Studies have revealed strong relationships between the rate and type of trauma exposure and the occurrence of PTSD (Ghazali et al., 2014; Santiago et al., 2013; Vrana & Lauterbach, 1994).”
Background
Addressing Secondary Traumatic Stress in the Human Services: A Comparison of Public and Private Sectors
Schuler, B. R., Bessaha, M. L., & Moon, C. (2016) · Human Services Organizations Management Leadership & Governance · doi:10.1080/23303131.2015.1124060 · Cited by 14
“In addition, a systematic review reported that approximately 30% of adults across all studies, on average, had a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after experiencing a traumatic event as defined by the DSM-5 (Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Explaining post-traumatic stress symptoms and sleep disturbance in Ukrainian civilians: perceived threat versus objective war exposure
Kurapov, A., Schabus, M., Kahveci, S., Wilhelm, F. H., & Blechert, J. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2381371 · Cited by 22
“When it comes to demographics, we found that female gender is positively related to the PTSS and sleep disturbance, which is consistent with a large body of literature (Bre-win et al., 2000; Lukaschek et al., 2013; Santiago et al., 2013).”
Result
Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: the moderating role of perceived threat
Dokkedahl, S. B., & Lahav, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2338670 · Cited by 13
“…that individuals vary in post-traumatic distress, with the majority exhibiting spon-taneous recovery within the first six months after the traumatic events ends (Bonanno, 2004; Galea et al., 2003; Santiago et al., 2013), identifying factors that increase susceptibility to PTSD is of importance.”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Trajectories in Family Caregivers of Patients With Acute Cardiorespiratory Failure
Wendlandt, B., Pongracz, L., Lin, F.-C., Toles, M., Gaynes, B. N., Hanson, L. C., & Carson, S. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.7448 · Cited by 13
Peri-Traumatic Dissociation and Tonic Immobility as Severity Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Rape
deMello, R. A. F., Coimbra, B. M., Pedro, B. D. M., Benvenutti, I. M., Yeh, M. S. L., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Poyares, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221114151 · Cited by 15
“Lifetime prevalence of PTSD is estimated to affect 4% to 12% of individuals (Kessler et al., 1995; Ribeiro et al., 2013) and clinical studies suggest that nearly 40% of patients develop a chronic course of the disorder (Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Violence exposure, self-reported mental health concerns and use of alcohol and drugs for coping among youth in the slums of Kampala, Uganda
Perry, E. W., Culbreth, R. E., Self‐Brown, S., Gilmore, A. K., Kasirye, R., Musuya, T., Ndetei, D. M., & Swahn, M. H. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2022.2073755 · Cited by 16
“Prior research has documented varying effects on mental health diagnoses and trajectories for people exposed to intentional trauma (e.g., assault) and non-intentional trauma (e.g., earthquake, motor vehicle accident; Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Psychometric Evaluation of the Comprehensive Trauma Interview PTSD Symptoms Scale Following Exposure to Child Maltreatment
Shenk, C. E., Noll, J. G., Griffin, A. M., Allen, E. K., Lee, S. E., Lewkovich, K. L., & Allen, B. (2016) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559516669253 · Cited by 39
“…adversities (McLaughlin et al., 2010), further increasing the risk for severe and chronic PTSD symptoms (Green et al., 2010) that can extend to different developmental stages (Santiago et al., 2013) and limit the effectiveness of well-established interventions (Hembree, Street, Riggs, & Foa, 2004).”
Background
[Impact on human health of endocrine disruptors present in environmental water bodies: is there an association with obesity?].
Pontelli, R., Nunes, A., & de Oliveira, S. M. B. (2016) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232015213.25212015 · Cited by 13

Authors: Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Pynoos, R. S., Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Friedman, M. J., & Fullerton, C. S.
Affiliations: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Stanford Medicine (US)
United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Corresponding author: Santiago, Patcho N.
ORCID: Santiago, Patcho N.
Ursano, Robert J.
Gray, Christine L.
Pynoos, Robert S.
Spiegel, David
Friedman, Matthew J.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2013-04-11
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: e59236
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059236
PMC: PMC3623968
OpenAlex: W2035901807
Cited by: 536
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6
FWCI: 4.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, PTSD trajectories, chronic PTSD, PTSD remission, resilience
MeSH terms: Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Time Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, PubMed

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A Systematic Review of PTSD Prevalence and Trajectories in DSM-5 Defined Trauma Exposed Populations: Intentional and Non-Intentional Traumatic Events

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