The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Non-Catalytic Site HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Disrupt Core Maturation and Induce a Reverse Transcription Block in Target Cells
Open accessAbstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is the target for two classes of antiretrovirals: i) the integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and ii) the non-catalytic site integrase inhibitors (NCINIs). NCINIs bind at the IN dimer interface and are thought to interfere primarily with viral DNA (vDNA) integration in the target cell by blocking IN-vDNA assembly as well as the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction. Herein we show that treatment of virus-producing cells, but not of mature virions or target cells, drives NCINI antiviral potency. NCINIs target an essential late-stage event in HIV replication that is insensitive to LEDGF levels in the producer cells. Virus particles produced in the presence of NCINIs displayed normal Gag-Pol processing and endogenous reverse transcriptase activity, but were defective at initiating vDNA synthesis following entry into the target cell. NCINI-resistant virus carrying a T174I mutation in the IN dimer interface was less sensitive to the compound-induced late-stage effects, including the reverse transcription block. Wild-type, but not T174I virus, produced in the presence of NCINIs exhibited striking defects in core morphology and an increased level of IN oligomers that was not observed upon treatment of mature cell-free particles. Collectively, these results reveal that NCINIs act through a novel mechanism that is unrelated to the previously observed inhibition of IN activity or IN-LEDGF interaction, and instead involves the disruption of an IN function during HIV-1 core maturation and assembly.
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“Class II IN mutations additionally affected viral particle morphology, with the ribonucleoprotein material found outside of the capsid shell, oftentimes in association with the viral membrane131,132,139–142.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Detailed analysis of virus particles produced in the presence of ALLINIs revealed that although viral RNA and proteins were incorporated properly, IN-RNA binding was disrupted, and the ribonucleoprotein complex was located eccentrically (Fig. 6B)140–142,174–176.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Counterintuitively, the underlying mode of ALLINI action is not via inhibition of integration140,142,174–177,179–181.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
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“The common biochemical consequence of ALLINI binding is aberrant HIV-1 IN hyper-multimerization140,142,174–181.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
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“Under these conditions, it became clear that HIV-1 was more susceptible to ALLINIs when exposed to the compounds during egress as compared to ingress140,142,174–176.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Balakrishnan, M., Yant, S. R., Tsai, L., O’Sullivan, C., Bam, R. A., Tsai, A., Niedziela-Majka, A., Stray, K. M., Sakowicz, R., & Cihlar, T.
- Affiliations
- Gilead Sciences (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Balakrishnan, Mini
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-09-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e74163
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3767657
- OpenAlex
- W2053936754
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 11.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- HIV-1 integrase, integrase strand transfer inhibitors, LEDGF/p75, viral DNA replication
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Viral, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Luciferases, Mutation, T-Lymphocytes, Transcription Factors, Virion, Virus Replication, HIV-1, Gene Expression, Virus Integration, Genes, Reporter, Virus Assembly, HIV Integrase, HIV Integrase Inhibitors, Drug Resistance, Viral, Cell Line, Tumor, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, HIV Reverse Transcriptase, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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