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Increased Risk of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Following Testosterone Therapy Prescription in Men
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: An association between testosterone therapy (TT) and cardiovascular disease has been reported and TT use is increasing rapidly. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of the risk of acute non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) following an initial TT prescription (N = 55,593) in a large health-care database. We compared the incidence rate of MI in the 90 days following the initial prescription (post-prescription interval) with the rate in the one year prior to the initial prescription (pre-prescription interval) (post/pre). We also compared post/pre rates in a cohort of men prescribed phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I; sildenafil or tadalafil, N = 167,279), and compared TT prescription post/pre rates with the PDE5I post/pre rates, adjusting for potential confounders using doubly robust estimation. RESULTS: In all subjects, the post/pre-prescription rate ratio (RR) for TT prescription was 1.36 (1.03, 1.81). In men aged 65 years and older, the RR was 2.19 (1.27, 3.77) for TT prescription and 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) for PDE5I, and the ratio of the rate ratios (RRR) for TT prescription relative to PDE5I was 1.90 (1.04, 3.49). The RR for TT prescription increased with age from 0.95 (0.54, 1.67) for men under age 55 years to 3.43 (1.54, 7.56) for those aged ≥ 75 years (p trend = 0.03), while no trend was seen for PDE5I (p trend = 0.18). In men under age 65 years, excess risk was confined to those with a prior history of heart disease, with RRs of 2.90 (1.49, 5.62) for TT prescription and 1.40 (0.91, 2.14) for PDE5I, and a RRR of 2.07 (1.05, 4.11). DISCUSSION: In older men, and in younger men with pre-existing diagnosed heart disease, the risk of MI following initiation of TT prescription is substantially increased.
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“Some epidemiological studies have reported an increase in cardiovascular mortality related to TRT while others have not been able to establish a correlation between the two [19,20].”
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“[6] In the two studies assessing timing of the increase, it was noted to appear very soon following initiation of therapy.”
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Benefits and Risks of Testosterone Treatment in Men with Age-Related Decline in Testosterone
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“Other anabolic agents, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) treatment(8) and anabolic androgenic steroids,(9) have some concerns on increased risks (drug resistance and cardiac events), limiting their therapeutic use for muscle atrophy.(10) Thus, it is desirable to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the c…”
BackgroundScreening and Monitoring in Men Prescribed Testosterone Therapy in the U.S., 2001–2010
Baillargeon, J., Urban, R. J., Kuo, Y.-F., Holmes, H. M., Raji, M. A., Morgentaler, A., Howrey, B. T., Lin, Y.-L., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2015) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/003335491513000207 · Cited by 61
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“Furthermore, two retrospective studies and a meta-analysis showed a lower rate of CV events and death in untreated hypogonadal men than in men receiving TRT (Vigen et al., 2013; Finkle et al., 2014), especially in men with previous CV diseases (Xu et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTestosterone, aging and survival
Shores, M. M., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000057 · Cited by 52
Boden, W. E., Miller, M. G., McBride, R., Harvey, C., Snabes, M. C., Schmidt, J. M., McGovern, M. E., Fleg, J. L., Desvigne-Nickens, P. M., Anderson, T. J., et al. (2020) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.03.016 · Cited by 52
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“study provided prescribing data in men treated with T, but there were no records of T blood results or the patients’ symptoms.(64) The researchers defined non-fatal coronary events as the major endpoint assessed in the 12 months before and 3 months after therapy.”
ResultMaggi, M., Wu, F. C. W., Jones, T. H., Jackson, G., Behre, H. M., Hackett, G. I., Martín‐Morales, A., Balercia, G., Dobs, A. S., Arver, S., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12876 · Cited by 52
Transdermal delivery of testosterone
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“1 3 risk, including heart attack and cerebrovascular events [38, 39], whereas other studies have shown that low serum testosterone level is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, which could be prevented by TRT [5, 40].”
BackgroundTestosterone Treatment Is a Potent Tumor Promoter for the Rat Prostate
Bosland, M. C. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1688 · Cited by 47
Klinefelter syndrome and medical treatment: hypogonadism and beyond
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“These databases have been previously used for similar research purposes (20-22).”
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Is Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Older Men Effective and Safe?
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“Recent retrospective studies (Vigen et al., 2013; Finkle et al., 2014) and a placebocontrolled (Basaria et al.”
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“[62] studied 55 593 men in a large health insurance database who had an initial prescription for testosterone.”
BackgroundResultGender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender Men
Moravek, M. B. (2018) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000398 · Cited by 48
Evolution of Guidelines for Testosterone Replacement Therapy
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“The steepest decline coincided with two published reports of testosterone-associated adverse cardiovascular events [4,5] and an FDA communication.”
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Integrated Therapies for Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia: From Signaling Pathways to Clinical Trials
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“and a US-based epidemiologic study showed a two-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular events with testosterone [130, 131].”
BackgroundOpioid-Induced Androgen Deficiency (OPIAD): Diagnosis, Management, and Literature Review
O’Rourke, T. K., & Wosnitzer, M. S. (2016) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0634-y · Cited by 43
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“The study by Finkle et al. published in Plos One was a retrospective analysis of 55,593 men based entirely on insurance claims [2].”
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Testosterone, thrombophilia, thrombosis
Freedman, J., Glueck, C. J., Prince, M., Riaz, R., & Wang, P. (2015) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2014.12.003 · Cited by 41
Andropause – lessons from the European Male Ageing Study
Huhtaniemi, I. T. (2014) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2014.03.005 · Cited by 44
Grossmann, M., Hoermann, R., Fui, M. N. T., Zajac, J. D., Ierino, F. L., & Roberts, M. A. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12656 · Cited by 41
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Thirumalai, A., Rubinow, K. B., & Page, S. T. (2015) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.15.10 · Cited by 41
Testosterone Therapy, Thrombophilia, Venous Thromboembolism, and Thrombotic Events
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Cardiovascular disease in transgendered people: A review of the literature and discussion of risk
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“9].(4) In the third study, men with hypogonadism who underwent coronary angiography and were replaced with testosterone had an increase in adverse outcomes when using a composite endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke and death.”
BackgroundVascular Pathways of Testosterone: Clinical Implications
Lorigo, M., Mariana, M., Oliveira, N., Lemos, M. C., & Cairrão, E. (2019) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-019-09939-5 · Cited by 44
“With respect to stroke or myocardial infarction, two large observational studies reported that TRT increased the risk of these pathologies in men over 75 years [166, 167].”
BackgroundInfluentialTestosterone levels and type 2 diabetes in men: current knowledge and clinical implications
Kumar, M., Dutta, D., Anne, B., Shivaprasad, Sinha, A., Ray, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2014) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s50777 · Cited by 42
Kabadi, S., Goyal, R., Nagar, S. P., Kaye, J. A., & Davis, K. L. (2019) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.2268 · Cited by 40
Hypogonadism, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Bone Health: A Narrative Review
Russo, V., Chen, R., & Armamento‐Villareal, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.607240 · Cited by 41
Swerdloff, R. S., Pak, Y., Wang, C., Liu, P. Y., Bhasin, S., Gill, T. M., Matsumoto, A. M., Pahor, M., Surampudi, P., & Snyder, P. J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1542 · Cited by 39
“3282 Swerdloff et al Serum T Variability in T Gel-Treated Men J Clin Endocrinol Metab, September 2015, 100(9):3280–3287”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPatterns of testosterone prescription overuse
Jasuja, G. K., Bhasin, S., & Rose, A. J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000336 · Cited by 39
Type 2 Diabetes and Testosterone Therapy
Hackett, G. I. (2018) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.180027 · Cited by 39
“A study analysing prescribing data in men treated with testosterone therapy [75], without records of blood results or symptoms, defined non-fatal coronary events as the major endpoint, assessed in the 12 months before and 3 months after therapy.”
BackgroundMetabolic Effects of Testosterone Therapy in Men with Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Hackett, G. I. (2019) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.12.004 · Cited by 39
Cardiovascular risk with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: Potential mechanisms
Tivesten, Å., Pinthus, J. H., Clarke, N. W., Duivenvoorden, W., & Nilsson, J. Å. (2015) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.05.030 · Cited by 39
Androgens and cardiovascular disease in women and men
Armeni, E., & Lambrinoudaki, I. V. (2017) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.07.010 · Cited by 39
Correlates of testosterone change as men age
Kanabar, R., Mazur, A., Plum, A., & Schmied, J. (2022) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2021.2023493 · Cited by 38
Molecular Targets of Androgen Signaling that Characterize Skeletal Muscle Recovery and Regeneration
MacKrell, J. G., Yaden, B. C., Bullock, H. A., Chen, K., Shetler, P. K., Bryant, H. U., & Krishnan, V. (2015) · Nuclear Receptor Signaling · doi:10.1621/nrs.13005 · Cited by 38
“However, therapeutic use of androgens has been limited, due to adverse side effects including significant cardiovascular events [Basaria et al., 2010; Finkle et al., 2014; Vigen et al., 2013] and potential risk for prostate hyperplasia [Acosta et al., 2004].”
BackgroundOtzel, D. M., Lee, J., Ye, F., Borst, S. E., & Yarrow, J. F. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061701 · Cited by 40
“[283] that reported increased cardiovascular risk in hypogonadal men receiving TRT.”
BackgroundResultTestosterone Replacement Therapy Faces FDA Scrutiny
Garnick, M. B. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17334 · Cited by 37
The Challenge of Erectile Dysfunction Management in the Young Man
Cohen, S. D. (2015) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-015-0553-3 · Cited by 37
Gencer, B., & Mach, F. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv439 · Cited by 38
Testosterone, myocardial function, and mortality
Bianchi, V. E. (2018) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-018-9721-0 · Cited by 37
Controversies and Advances With Testosterone Therapy: A 40-Year Perspective
Morgentaler, A. (2015) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2015.11.034 · Cited by 35
Dalmasso, C., Patil, C. N., Cardozo, L. L. Y., Romero, D. G., & Maranon, R. O. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007074 · Cited by 33
Testosterone Deficiency, Weakness, and Multimorbidity in Men
Peterson, M. D., Belakovskiy, A., McGrath, R. P., & Yarrow, J. F. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24347-6 · Cited by 36
Oni, O. A., Dehkordi, S. H. H., Jazayeri, M., Sharma, R., Sharma, M., Masoomi, R., Sharma, R., Gupta, K., & Barua, R. S. (2019) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.07.019 · Cited by 35
Zhang, Z., Kang, D., & Li, H. (2020) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-020-0509-6 · Cited by 35
Advances in stem cell research for the treatment of primary hypogonadism
Li, L., & Papadopoulos, V. (2021) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-021-00480-2 · Cited by 35
Myocardial Infarction and Stroke Risk in Young Healthy Men Treated with Injectable Testosterone
Tan, R. S., Cook, K. R., & Reilly, W. G. (2015) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2015/970750 · Cited by 34
“However, two recent papers found an increased risk of MI and strokes [1, 2].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTaylor, S. R., Meadowcraft, L., & Williamson, B. (2015) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.1623 · Cited by 34
“I R = h o m eo st at ic m o d el o f in su li n re si st an ce ; H R = h ea rt ra te ; L D L = lo w -d en si ty li p o p ro te in le v el ; M et S = m et ab o li c sy n d ro m e; N A = n o t ap p li ca b le ; N R = n o t re p o rt ed ; p p B G = p o st p ra n d ia l b lo o d gl u co se le ve l; SB P = sy st o li c b l…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNightingale, T. E., Moore, P. D., Harman, J., Khalil, R. E., Gill, R. S., Castillo, T. A., Adler, R. A., & Gorgey, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2017.1357917 · Cited by 37
Irwig, M. S., Fleseriu, M., Jonklaas, J., Tritos, N. A., Yuen, K. C. J., Correa, R. R., Elhomsy, G. C., Garla, V. V., Jasim, S., Soe, K. K., et al. (2020) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ps-2019-0540 · Cited by 35
“Studies have yielded inconsistent and conflicting results (39-41).”
ResultCollet, T., Ewing, S. K., Ensrud, K. E., Laughlin, G. A., Hoffman, A. R., Varosy, P. D., Stefanick, M. L., Stone, K. L., ORWOLL, E. S., & Bauer, D. C. (2020) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa038 · Cited by 31
“Current clinical knowledge is therefore based on retrospective cohorts with their inherent limitations: Some observational studies reported increased CVD event risk with T replacement [41, 42], while other registries concluded that T replacement was not associated with higher rates of CVD events [43].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Finkle, W. D., Greenland, S., Ridgeway, G. K., Adams, J. L., Frasco, M. A., Cook, M. B., Fraumeni, J. F., & Hoover, R. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Finkle, William D.
- Hoover, Robert N.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-01-29
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e85805
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3905977
- OpenAlex
- W2156204904
- Cited by
- 735
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 86
- FWCI
- 97.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- testosterone replacement therapy, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, sildenafil, tadalafil, men, older men, heart disease history, drug safety, adverse drug reactions
- MeSH terms
- Tadalafil, Sildenafil Citrate, Age Factors, Aged, Carbolines, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Piperazines, Purines, Risk, Sulfones, Testosterone, Prescription Drugs, Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
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