Cited by 735Hormonal and reproductive studiesAcute Myocardial Infarction ResearchMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

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Increased Risk of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Following Testosterone Therapy Prescription in Men

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Finkle, William D., Greenland, Sander, Ridgeway, Gregory K., Adams, John L., Frasco, Melissa A., Cook, Michael B., Fraumeni, Joseph F., Hoover, Robert N.·2014·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0085805PMC PMC3905977

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: An association between testosterone therapy (TT) and cardiovascular disease has been reported and TT use is increasing rapidly. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of the risk of acute non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) following an initial TT prescription (N = 55,593) in a large health-care database. We compared the incidence rate of MI in the 90 days following the initial prescription (post-prescription interval) with the rate in the one year prior to the initial prescription (pre-prescription interval) (post/pre). We also compared post/pre rates in a cohort of men prescribed phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I; sildenafil or tadalafil, N = 167,279), and compared TT prescription post/pre rates with the PDE5I post/pre rates, adjusting for potential confounders using doubly robust estimation. RESULTS: In all subjects, the post/pre-prescription rate ratio (RR) for TT prescription was 1.36 (1.03, 1.81). In men aged 65 years and older, the RR was 2.19 (1.27, 3.77) for TT prescription and 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) for PDE5I, and the ratio of the rate ratios (RRR) for TT prescription relative to PDE5I was 1.90 (1.04, 3.49). The RR for TT prescription increased with age from 0.95 (0.54, 1.67) for men under age 55 years to 3.43 (1.54, 7.56) for those aged ≥ 75 years (p trend = 0.03), while no trend was seen for PDE5I (p trend = 0.18). In men under age 65 years, excess risk was confined to those with a prior history of heart disease, with RRs of 2.90 (1.49, 5.62) for TT prescription and 1.40 (0.91, 2.14) for PDE5I, and a RRR of 2.07 (1.05, 4.11). DISCUSSION: In older men, and in younger men with pre-existing diagnosed heart disease, the risk of MI following initiation of TT prescription is substantially increased.

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Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women
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“[6] In the two studies assessing timing of the increase, it was noted to appear very soon following initiation of therapy.”
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Marchioli, R., Finazzi, G., Specchia, G., Cacciola, R. R., Cavazzina, R., Cilloni, D., Stefano, V. D., Elli, E. M., Iurlo, A., Latagliata, R., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1208500 · Cited by 871 · cited 1×
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Testosterone and Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes or Consequences: The Lesson from the Last 5 Years
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Testosterone Use in the Perioperative Setting
Goyette, B. N., Hudnall, M. T., & Halpern, J. A. (2022) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-021-00322-7 · Cited by 1
Is Testosterone the “Fountain of Youth” for Aging Men?
Giagulli, V. A., Lisco, G., Mariano, F., Tullio, A. D., & Triggiani, V. (2022) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530322666220516160435 · Cited by 1
Testosterone and congestive heart failure
Enina, T. N., Va, K., & Soldatova, A. M. (2022) · Kardiologiia · doi:10.18087/cardio.2022.7.n1242 · Cited by 3
A Systematic Review of Studies Assessing Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Late-Onset Hypogonadism Due to Obesity ± Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abichandani, V. K., & Kalhan, A. (2023) · Chronicle of Diabetes Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/cdrp.cdrp_cdrp_20_22 · Cited by 1
Impact of testosterone levels and testosterone replacement ther-apy on men’s health
Karbowska, Z., Cierpiszewska, K., Maruszczak, K., Sukhachova, I., Szwankowska, D., & Piotrowski, I. (2023) · Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.20883/medical.e856 · Cited by 1
Relationship of Testosterone with Obesity and Arterial Hypertension
Póvoa, R. (2024) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20240138i · Cited by 1
“7 This discrepancy, hindering the conclusion of the studies, occurs due to the existence, in this older age group, of several comorbidities, mainly obesity, diabetes mellitus, pre-existence of cardiovascular diseases, and mainly arterial hypertension (AH).”
Considerations for the care of transgender patients in orthopaedics and sports medicine: a narrative review
Hayes-Lattin, M., Krivicich, L. M., Bragg, J. T., Rogerson, A. L., & Salzler, M. J. (2024) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-107703 · Cited by 2
Impact of Testosterone Therapy on Major Cardiovascular Risk in Erectile Dysfunction Patients with Testosterone Deficiency
Poopuangpairoj, T., Sirisopana, K., Ketsuwan, C., Kongchareonsombat, W., Phengsalae, Y., Matang, W., & Sangkum, P. (2024) · Research and Reports in Urology · doi:10.2147/rru.s476804 · Cited by 1
“23,24 However, most of these studies had limitations, especially due to their retrospective design, short follow-up period, and lack of a true control group.”
Background
Male Hypogonadism: The Korean Society of Men's Health and Aging Position Statement
Ahn, S. T., Kim, Y., Yu, S. H., & Chung, Y. (2025) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.240266 · Cited by 1
Effect of exogenous testosterone on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and thromboembolic adverse events: results of three complementary research designs
Vo, T., Roy, S., Ye, T., Erterfaie, A., Nguyen, T. P. P., Flory, J., Leonard, C. E., Small, D. S., & Hennessy, S. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf098 · Cited by 2
Testosterone therapy and lawsuits against prescribers: a legal case review from 2000 to 2024
Langroudi, A. P., Basran, S. S., Chen, A. L., Negri, F., Stinson, J., Cheng, Y., Simonsen, C. S., Giuduce, F. D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2025) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf181 · Cited by 1
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Li, S. (2026) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2026.2662042 · Cited by 1
Risk of complications after total hip arthroplasty in patients on testosterone replacement therapy
Khury, F., Antonioli, S. S., Ruff, G. L., Sarfraz, A., Grossman, E. L., Rozell, J. C., & Schwarzkopf, R. M. (2026) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-026-04774-2 · Cited by 1
“Although hypogonadism is commonly treated using TRT, treatment can be associated with increased rates of cardiovascular events after initiation [10 ] and immunosuppressive effects [ 11].”
Testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular safety in older men: lessons from TRAVERSE and beyond
Tienforti, D., Terrana, G., Geronimo, R. D., Perfetto, E., Spagnolo, L., Baroni, M. G., & Barbonetti, A. (2026) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-026-02945-w · Cited by 2
Association of testosterone and testosterone replacement therapy with atrial fibrillation: an updated review
Maligireddy, A. R., Barua, S. T., & Barua, R. S. (2026) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvag180 · Cited by 1
MYTHS AND CONTROVERSIES IN HYPOGONADISM TREATMENT OF AGING MALES.
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Testosterone Replacement and Cardiovascular Safety: No Straight and Narrow!
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Andrology: Puberty-Fertility-Andropause
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The Benefits and Risks of Testosterone Treatment in Older Hypogonadal Men
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Treatment of Hypogonadism
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study of serum testosterone as a prognostic indicator in patients with respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation
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Plasma Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone as Markers of Heart Disease and Mortality in Older Men
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Diagnóstico e tratamento da deficiência de testosterona: uma revisão / Diagnosis and treatment of testosterone deficiency: a review
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Uso clínico da testosterona e seus derivados químicos: uma revisão narrativa
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Authors: Finkle, W. D., Greenland, S., Ridgeway, G. K., Adams, J. L., Frasco, M. A., Cook, M. B., Fraumeni, J. F., & Hoover, R. N.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
National Cancer Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Finkle, William D.
Hoover, Robert N.
ORCID: Greenland, Sander
Adams, John L.
Frasco, Melissa A.
Cook, Michael B.
Hoover, Robert N.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2014-01-29
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: e85805
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085805
PMC: PMC3905977
OpenAlex: W2156204904
Cited by: 735
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 86
FWCI: 97.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Cancer Institute
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords: testosterone replacement therapy, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, sildenafil, tadalafil, men, older men, heart disease history, drug safety, adverse drug reactions
MeSH terms: Tadalafil, Sildenafil Citrate, Age Factors, Aged, Carbolines, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Piperazines, Purines, Risk, Sulfones, Testosterone, Prescription Drugs, Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors

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Increased Risk of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Following Testosterone Therapy Prescription in Men

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