Cited by 176Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesHealth Education and ValidationAnesthesia and Pain Management

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Validation of the Surgical Fear Questionnaire in Adult Patients Waiting for Elective Surgery

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Theunissen, Maurice, Peters, Madelon L., Schouten, Erik G. W., Fiddelers, Audrey A. A., Willemsen, Mark G. A., Pinto, Patrícia R., Gramke, Hans-Fritz, Marcus, Marco A. E.·2014·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0100225PMC PMC4069058

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Because existing instruments for assessing surgical fear seem either too general or too limited, the Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ) was developed. The aim of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of the SFQ. METHODS: Based on existing literature and expert consultation the ten-item SFQ was composed. Data on the SFQ were obtained from 5 prospective studies (N = 3233) in inpatient or day surgery patients. These data were used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability analysis and validity analysis. RESULTS: EFA in Study 1 and 2 revealed a two-factor structure with one factor associated with fear of the short-term consequences of surgery (SFQ-s, item 1-4) and the other factor with fear of the long-term consequences of surgery (SFQ-l, item 5-10). However, in both studies two items of the SFQ-l had low factor loadings. Therefore in Study 3 and 4 the 2-factor structure was tested and confirmed by CFA in an eight-item version of the SFQ. Across all studies significant correlations of the SFQ with pain catastrophizing, state anxiety, and preoperative pain intensity indicated good convergent validity. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was between 0.765-0.920 (SFQ-total), 0.766-0.877 (SFQ-s), and 0.628-0.899 (SFQ-l). The SFQ proved to be sensitive to detect differences based on age, sex, education level, employment status and preoperative pain intensity. DISCUSSION: The SFQ is a valid and reliable eight-item index of surgical fear consisting of two subscales: fear of the short-term consequences of surgery and fear of the long-term consequences.

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Authors: Theunissen, M., Peters, M. L., Schouten, E. G. W., Fiddelers, A. A. A., Willemsen, M. G. A., Pinto, P. R., Gramke, H.-F., & Marcus, M. A. E.
Affiliations: Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
Maastricht University (NL)
University of Minho (PT)
Corresponding author: Theunissen, Maurice
ORCID: Theunissen, Maurice
Peters, Madelon L.
Pinto, Patrícia R.
Marcus, Marco A. E.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2014-06-24
Volume: 9
Issue: 6
Pages: e100225
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100225
PMC: PMC4069058
OpenAlex: W2152421797
Cited by: 176
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5
FWCI: 12.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2016-09-09)
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: ZonMw (110000007)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
Keywords: surgical fear, preoperative anxiety, psychometric validation, factor structure, pain catastrophizing, state anxiety, elective surgery, questionnaire reliability
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Reproducibility of Results, Self Report

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Validation of the Surgical Fear Questionnaire in Adult Patients Waiting for Elective Surgery

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