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Elevated Levels of G-Quadruplex Formation in Human Stomach and Liver Cancer Tissues
Open accessAbstract
Four-stranded G-quadruplex DNA secondary structures have recently been visualized in the nuclei of human cultured cells. Here, we show that BG4, a G-quadruplex-specific antibody, can be used to stain DNA G-quadruplex structures in patient-derived tissues using immunohistochemistry. We observe a significantly elevated number of G-quadruplex-positive nuclei in human cancers of the liver and stomach as compared to background non-neoplastic tissue. Our results suggest that G-quadruplex formation can be detected and measured in patient-derived material and that elevated G-quadruplex formation may be a characteristic of some cancers.
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“Additionally, G-rich sequences, like G4 motifs, are prone to oxidative DNA damage, which can lead to mutations if not repaired properly (76).”
From G-quadruplex-mediated genomic instability drives SNVs in cancer (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
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“This suggests that elevated G-quadruplex formation might be a characteristic of some cancers and supports the hypothesis that G4s could contribute to genomic instability in cancer patients (76).”
From G-quadruplex-mediated genomic instability drives SNVs in cancer (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
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“recent studies have shown that G4s can be detected in patient-derived tissues using immunohistochemistry, with a significantly elevated number of G4-positive nuclei observed in human cancers of the liver and stomach compared to non-neoplastic tissue (76).”
From G-quadruplex-mediated genomic instability drives SNVs in cancer (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
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Craven, H. M., Nettesheim, G., Cicuta, P., Blagborough, A. M., & Merrick, C. J. (2023) · International Journal for Parasitology Drugs and Drug Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.11.007 · Cited by 14
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MethodTargeting KRAS Regulation with PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen Oligonucleotides
Psaras, A. M., Valiuska, S., Noé, V., Ciudad, C. J., & Brooks, T. A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042097 · Cited by 13
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A Fragment-Based Approach for the Development of G-Quadruplex Ligands: Role of the Amidoxime Moiety
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“The identification of G4 binding proteins [16–18] and G4 visualization in cells with antibody-based technology [19,20] have also provided convincing evidence of the existence of cellular G4s in vivo, prevalently in tumours compared to normal tissues [21].”
BackgroundDNA 5mC methylation inhibits the formation of G-quadruplex structures in the genome
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“Considering the higher abundance of DNA G-quadruplexes in cancer than normal cell nuclei [16], these results proved that cex-NDI can reach the nuclear G-quadruplex targets, thus resulting in high fluorescence intensity only when G-quadruplexes are significantly abundant in the examined cell line.”
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“G4s are significantly enriched in cancerous tissues relative to normal tissues [ 11 ], and due to their prevalence in telomeres and promoters of proto-oncogenes, they are therapeutic targets with two G4 ligands currently in clinical trials [ 12 , 13 ].”
Escarcega, R. D., J., V. K. M., Kyriakopoulos, V. E., Ortiz, G. J., Gusdon, A. M., Fan, H., Peesh, P., Conesa, M. P. B., Colpo, G. D., Ahnstedt, H. W., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106747 · Cited by 11
“Analyses of G-quadruplex DNA structures revealed that G-quadruplex DNA landscapes differ be-tween cell types (Hansel-Hertsch et al., 2016; Biffi et al., 2014).”
Modulating gene expression in breast cancer via DNA secondary structure and the CRISPR toolbox
Kretzmann, J. A., Irving, K. L., Smith, N. M., & Evans, C. W. (2021) · NAR Cancer · doi:10.1093/narcan/zcab048 · Cited by 14
“A greater abundance of G4s is observed in various cancer cell types compared to their nontumorigenic counterparts (72,73), with G4 formation occurring at a higher density in promoters of actively transcribed genes, nucleosome depleted regions and being colocalized with RNA polymerase II and trimethylated histone (H3K4…”
BackgroundLight-Induced Modulation of Chiral Functions in G-Quadruplex–Photochrome Systems
Dudek, M., Deiana, M., Szkaradek, K. E., Janicki, M. J., Pokładek, Z., Góra, R., & Matczyszyn, K. (2021) · Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02207 · Cited by 9
Structural basis of G-quadruplex recognition by a camelid antibody fragment
Pevec, M., Medved, T., Kovačič, M., Žerjav, N., Imperl, J., Plavec, J., Lah, J., Loris, R., & Hadži, S. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf453 · Cited by 10
“…(scFv) antibody BG4 [ 28 ] and other G4-specific scFv antibodies have been used to investigate the role of G4s in transcription regulation [ 31 , 32 ], protein translation [ 24 ], epigenetic modifications [ 33 ], stem cell differentiation [ 34 ], cancer [ 35 ], and Alzheimer’s disease [ 19 ].”
Sun, R., Sun, H.-X., Ye, X., Yang, D., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Bai, R.-Y., Zhong, F., Yao, L., & Tang, Y.-L. (2024) · Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.135524 · Cited by 8
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Targeting Promoter Quadruplex Nucleic Acids for Cancer Therapy
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Structural and Functional Classification of G-Quadruplex Families within the Human Genome
Neupane, A., Chariker, J., & Rouchka, E. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.3390/genes14030645 · Cited by 7
“Similarly Similarly, elevated levels of G-quad-ruplexes have been identified across cancer tissues including breast [3], stomach [4], and liver cancer [5] as well as neurodegenerative diseases [6].”
BackgroundTseng, T., Liu, S.-Y., Wang, C., & Chang, T. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25184083 · Cited by 10
“Using BG4, they detected a greater number of G4 foci in human cancers of the liver and stomach than non-neoplastic tissue [33].”
BackgroundG-Quadruplex Visualization in Cells via Antibody and Fluorescence Probe
Nadai, M., & Richter, S. N. (2019) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9666-7_24 · Cited by 7
Carbazole Derivatives Binding to Bcl-2 Promoter Sequence G-quadruplex
Głuszyńska, A., Kosman, J., Chuah, S. S., Hoffmann, M., & Haider, S. M. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17070912 · Cited by 6
Singh, A., Jain, N., Shankar, U., Sharma, T. K., & Kumar, A. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131806 · Cited by 6
Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
Mi, L., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2022-0992 · Cited by 8
“In cancer tissues, the proportion of G4 DNA is upregulated, accelerating genomic instability [233].”
Chen, J.-C., Duan, Y., Yang, K., Wang, J.-H., Yan, J., Gu, C.-L., Wang, S., Zhu, Z.-Y., Liu, E., & Xu, J.-Y. (2023) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117156 · Cited by 6
Visualization of G-Quadruplexes, i-Motifs and Their Associates
Dubrovin, E. V., Barinov, N., & Klinov, D. (2022) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/actanaturae.11705 · Cited by 6
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Craven, H. M., Bonsignore, R., Lenis, V., Santi, N., Berrar, D., Swain, M., Whiteland, H., Casini, A., & Hoffmann, K. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008770 · Cited by 6
“Thus, BG4, a single chain variable fragment (scfv) antibody [48], capable of detecting both RNA and DNA G4 structures in human and Plasmodium cells [11, 49] was used (Fig 6).”
MethodRodriguez-Marquez, E., Nord, H., Sánchez, D. P., Kassem, A., Castán, J. M. A., Deiana, M., Cabanetos, C., Sabouri, N., & von Hofsten, J. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00061 · Cited by 7
“16,17,42 Our RMS zebrafish model allowed us to visualize these changes in vivo, providing real-time insights into the effects of PDT on tumor cells.”
InfluentialOpportunities and challenges with G-quadruplexes as promising targets for drug design
Sánchez-Martín, V. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2024.2404230 · Cited by 6
“In general, there is an enrichment of G4s in the chromatin of cancer tissues [20] and cancer cell lines [13] in comparison to non-tumoral tissues or cells.”
Stitch, M., Avagliano, D., Graczyk, D., Clark, I. P., González, L., Towrie, M., & Quinn, S. J. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c06099 · Cited by 13
Single-Molecule Analysis of the Improved Variants of the G-Quadruplex Recognition Protein G4P
Gaur, P., Bain, F. E., Honda, M., Granger, S. L., & Spies, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210274 · Cited by 5
“The G4 structures in DNA and RNA play multiples roles in cancer development and progression [25], and resolution of G4s in DNA during DNA replication, RNA transcription and DNA repair is important for genome integrity [9].”
BackgroundKang, Y., & Wei, C.-Y. (2022) · Chemistry and Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202101030 · Cited by 5
Cellular Detection of G‐Quadruplexes by Optical Imaging Methods
Amor, S., Yang, S. Y. C., Wong, J. M. Y., & Monchaud, D. (2017) · Current Protocols in Cell Biology · doi:10.1002/cpcb.29 · Cited by 5
“Quadruplex-specific antibodies such as BG4 (Biffi et al., 2013; Biffi et al., 2014; Biffi, Di Antonio, Tannahill, & Balasubramanian, 2014), 1H6 (Artusi et al., 2016; Henderson et al., 2014; Hoffmann et al., 2015), and, more recently, D1 (Liu et al., 2016) have given impetus across the field of…”
BackgroundWang, Z., He, X., Zhang, X., Spiegel, J., Flynn, S. M., & Balasubramanian, S. (2026) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41557-026-02111-y · Cited by 6
“As initial proof of concept, we demonstrated G4L-PROTAC-induced degradation of an cancer states 15,16 .”
Self-citationCabrero-Martín, A., Montiel, V. R.-V., Torrente-Rodríguez, R. M., Povedano, E., Velázquez-Gutiérrez, J., Garranzo-Asensio, M., Pingarrón, J., Barderas, R., & Campuzano, S. (2025) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c02715 · Cited by 4
Hile, S. E., Weissensteiner, M. H., Pytko, K. G., Dahl, J. M., Kejnovský, E., Kejnovská, I., Hedglin, M., Georgakopoulos‐Soares, I., Makova, K. D., & Eckert, K. A. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf352 · Cited by 4
“Because G4 formation depends on cellular background [ 13 , 107 ], the genomic context and / or chromatin environment of a G4 motif may also impact the level of replication inhibition by a specific motif.”
Escarcega, R. D., J., V., Kyriakopoulos, V. E., Ortiz, G., Gusdon, A. M., Fan, H., Peesh, P., Conesa, M. P. B., Colpo, G., Ahnstedt, H. W., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623108 · Cited by 4
“Analyses of G-quadruplex DNA structures revealed that G-quadruplex DNA landscapes differ between cell types 128,129 .”
Lahnsteiner, A., Ellmer, V., Oberlercher, A., Liutkevičiūtė, Z., Schönauer, E., Paulweber, B., Aigner, E. S., & Risch, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70749-0 · Cited by 8
“To assess epigenetic changes in two metabolic disease associated genes, GCK and TM6SF2, we analyzed 5mC in 148 patients grouped in five different categories: lean-and obese healthy subjects, lean-and obese MAFLD, as well as patients suffering from advanced MetDs.”
BackgroundZhuk, A., Stepchenkova, E., Zotova, I., Belopolskaya, O., Pavlov, Y., Kostroma, I., Gritsaev, S., & Aksenova, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25105269 · Cited by 4
“G-quadruplex structures occurred more frequently in the nuclei of cancer cells compared to the corresponding non-neoplastic tissues [17].”
BackgroundPrediction and validation of circulating G-quadruplexes as a novel biomarker in colorectal cancer
Zhang, H., Zhou, J., & Ye, Y. (2024) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.21037/jgo-24-26 · Cited by 4
“It was reported that G4s have an increased prevalence in cancer cells (5) and are particularly associated with highly expressed and amplified genes in patient-derived aggressive breast cancer tissue (6).”
DNA 5-methylcytosine regulates genome-wide formation of G-quadruplex structuresPreprint
Niu, K.-K., Xiang, L.-J., Li, X.-Y., Li, J., Li, Y.-L., Zhang, C., Liu, J., Zhang, X.-J., Peng, Y., Xu, G., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528796 · Cited by 4
“G4 abundance is significantly increased in gastric cancer and liver cancer tissues (Biffi et al. 2014) and G4 abundance and location have been used to classify 22 breast cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) into at least three G4-based subtypes (HänselHertsch et al.”
MethodTseng, T., Shih, S., Wang, C., Lin, S.-J., Jan, I., Wang, C., Liu, S.-Y., Chang, C., Lou, P., & Chang, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02887-8 · Cited by 7
Cabrero-Martín, A., Montiel, V. R.-V., Velázquez-Gutiérrez, J., Montero-Calle, A., Garranzo-Asensio, M., Reviejo, A. J., Pingarrón, J., Barderas, R., & Campuzano, S. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/anie.3768019 · Cited by 3
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The versatile NDI-based compounds: emerging anticancer and antimicrobial agents
Tosoni, B., Nadai, M., Caramiello, A. M., Doria, F., Freccero, M., & Richter, S. N. (2024) · Medicinal Chemistry Research · doi:10.1007/s00044-024-03329-6 · Cited by 4
“G4 identi fi cation within cells has been made possible thanks to the development of anti-G-quadruplex antibodies, with BG4 [9, 10] being the most widely used, which are employed in several biological techniques such as immuno fl uorescence [11], ChIP-Seq [12] and CUT&Tag [13].”
Papi, F., Kenđel, A., Ratkaj, M., Piantanida, I., Gratteri, P., Bazzicalupi, C., & Miljanić, S. (2019) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-019-01894-z · Cited by 3
Single-stranded DNA structural diversity: TAGGGT from monomers to dimers to tetramer formation.
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“recent research implies that they can drive genomic instability,(12,13) and they are overexpressed in certain cancer tissues.(14) Understanding the conditions and factors that stabilize these structures is an important part of many new cancer therapies.”
BackgroundZhang, Y.-Q., Pei, J.-H., Shi, S.-S., Zheng, J., Wang, J.-M., Guo, X.-S., Cui, G.-Y., Wang, X.-Y., Zhang, H.-P., & Hu, W.-Q. (2018) · European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.26355/eurrev_201805_14955 · Cited by 3
Folate modulates guanine-quadruplex frequency and DNA damage in Werner syndrome.
Shirazi, P. T., Leifert, W., Fenech, M., & François, M. (2017) · Mutation Research. Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.12.002 · Cited by 3
Development and application of G4-Flame as a visual biosensor for G4-DNA
Liu, R.-Y., Wang, T., Wang, C., Xu, M., Chen, B., Zhao, J., Xiong, W., Pan, S., Ruan, Z.-H., Lu, N.-Y., et al. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkag179 · Cited by 2
“Notably, although measured in a readily accessible biofluid rather than tissue, this elevation aligns with and functionally extends previous reports of increased G4-DNA levels in tumor tissues [ 40 ], underscoring the clinical relevance and practical advantage of serum-based detection.”
Porzio, A. D., Pecoraro, A., Danisi, C., Persico, C., D’Auria, L., Germoglio, M., Iaccarino, N., Feliciello, I., Giancola, C., Randazzo, A., et al. (2025) · NAR Cancer · doi:10.1093/narcan/zcaf046 · Cited by 1
“The variation in G4 content is a crucial factor in differentiating between normal and tumor cells, as increased G4 formation may be a characteristic of some cancers [ 45 , 46 ].”
The effect of prolonged G-quadruplex stabilization on the functions of human cells
Karatayeva, N., Hegedűs, L., Bhattacharjee, A., Németh, E., Póti, Á., Pongor, L. S., Juhász, G., Szüts, D., & Burkovics, P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04791-x · Cited by 4
G-quadruplex structure in plants and insects and potential applications in pest control
Zhang, X., Xiang, L., Li, J., Feng, Q., & Niu, K. (2025) · Crop Health · doi:10.1007/s44297-025-00047-2 · Cited by 3
“Considerable evidence has shown that the number of G4s formed in the genome is significantly greater in tumor tissues than in normal tissues [74].”
Suppression of CTC1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and enhances RHPS4 cytotoxicity
Kıpçak, A., Sezan, S., Karpat, O., Kaya, E., Baylan, S., Sarıyar, E., Yandım, C., & Karagonlar, Z. F. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09756-3 · Cited by 2
“Importantly, increased G4 formation was also observed in liver cancer tissues of patients [ 29 ].”
Joo, S. Y., Sung, K., & Lee, H. (2024) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202300229 · Cited by 3
Lopina, O. D., Sidorenko, S. V., Fedorov, D. A., & Климанова, Е. А. (2024) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297924140153 · Cited by 6
Lu, K., Wang, H.-C., Tu, Y.-C., Lou, P., Chang, T., & Lin, J. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115788 · Cited by 2
Swarup, N., Cheng, J., Choi, I., Heo, Y., Kordi, M., Li, F., Aziz, M., Chia, D., Wei, F., Elashoff, D., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3154388/v1 · Cited by 2
Sex-linked helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y regulate G-quadruplex-associated stress in neurons
Escarcega, R. D., J., V., Arizmendez, A., Tan, C.-F., Urayama, A., Marrelli, S., Morales, R., Wefel, J., Zhang, C.-C., Mccullough, L. D., et al. (2026) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-026-08971-z · Cited by 1
Chen, Y.-L., Mohapatra, B. C., Pramanik, S., Tarpley, M. W., Kalluchi, A., Ray, S., Hewitt, K., Rowley, M. J., Band, V., & Bhakat, K. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkag284 · Cited by 1
“G4 DNA levels are elevated under multiple pathophysiological conditions including in cancer [ 23 , 28 ].”
Jia, P., Wang, S., Huang, W., Fang, Y., & Gao, J. (2025) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2025110 · Cited by 1
Tseng, T., Wang, C., & Chang, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415799 · Cited by 1
“Given that more G4 foci were detected in the cancer cells than in normal cells [7,9,10], time-gated FLIM image of o-BMVC foci was further applied to the cancer diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules [11].”
BackgroundG‐Quadruplex Recognition by DARPIns through Epitope/Paratope Analogy
Miclot, T., Bignon, E., Terenzi, A., Grandemange, S., Barone, G., & Monari, A. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495947 · Cited by 1
Non-standard and higher-order DNA structures: DNA–DNA recognition
Neidle, S., & Sanderson, M. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819677-9.00003-2 · Cited by 1
HUWE1 interactomes reveal sex-specific networks of nucleic acid-binding proteins
Escarcega, R. D., Kumar, M. J. V., Abdul, A., Bommineni, R., Manwani, B., Jung, S. Y., & Tsvetkov, A. S. (2026) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104115
Human REV1 interacts with DHX36 to promote replication and tolerance of G-quadruplex DNA
Ketkar, A., Paxton, B. C., Zúñiga, O., Sewilam, R. S., Morales, M., Schaller, J., McCollum, R., Jackson, K. E., Lowran, K., Paul, A., et al. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkag562
“A prime example of this is dysregulation of oncogene expression and genomic instability derived from aberrant G4 folding in cancer [ 56 , 57 ].”
In vivo dynamics of G-quadruplex DNA structures during liver regeneration in mice
Ishizuka, T., Aung, K. M., Lkham-Erdene, B., Yano, K., Kubota, T., Fidya, Shirouzu, S., Ikenoue, M., Kai, K., Oo, P. S., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-51144-3
“This multidimensional regulatory mechanism may represent a general principle applicable to other proliferative tissues, including the intestine, hematopoietic system, as well as cancerous tissues 87 , in which G4 dynamics might coordinate replication, transcription, and genome stability.”
Suárez, B. H., Gillespie, D. A., Dejnaka, E., Obmińska‐Mrukowicz, B., & Pawlak, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26209928 · Cited by 1
“One example includes a study in which non-neoplastic and liver-derived tumor samples from a patient were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, revealing increased G4 formation in the tumor tissue compared to the non-neoplastic counterpart [26].”
MMG4: Recognition of G4-Forming Sequences Based on Markov Model
Yu, B., Zhang, H., Pian, C., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Journal of Computational Biology · doi:10.1089/cmb.2024.0523 · Cited by 1
Single-molecule analysis of the improved variants of the G-quadruplex recognition protein G4P
Gaur, P., Bain, F. E., Honda, M., Granger, S. L., & Spies, M. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539902
“The G4 structures in DNA and RNA play multiples roles in cancer development and progression [25], 38”
BackgroundAn in silico investigation of the binding modes and pathway of APTO-253 on c-KIT G-quadruplex DNA
Pal, S., & Paul, S. (2021) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d0cp05210h · Cited by 8
HERC2 promotes BLM and WRN to suppress G-quadruplex DNAPreprint
Wu, W., Rokutanda, N., Takeuchi, J., Lai, Y., Maruyama, R., Togashi, Y., Nishikawa, H., Arai, N., Miyoshi, Y., Suzuki, N., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/341420
“Furthermore, significant G4 accumulation can be detected in stomach or liver cancer tissues [56], suggesting that such cancer cells grow with increased G4.”
BackgroundHe, Q., & Yang, H.-H. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/310557
“since accumulating evidence has been linked to G-quadruplex structure in many biological processes in vivo [17].”
BackgroundCancer and Nucleic Acid Structures
(n.d.) · Chemistry and Biology of Non‐Canonical Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1002/9783527817856.ch11
Metadata
- Authors
- Biffi, G., Tannahill, D., Miller, J., Howat, W. J., & Balasubramanian, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Balasubramanian, Shankar
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-07-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e102711
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4102534
- OpenAlex
- W2100966371
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (11961, A11961, 12488, 22310, C9681/A11961)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- G-quadruplex, G-quadruplex formation, immunohistochemistry, gastric cancer, liver cancer, tumor markers, DNA secondary structure, patient-derived tissue
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Gastric Mucosa, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Liver, Liver Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms, Cell Line, Tumor, G-Quadruplexes
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