Patterns and Emerging Trends in Global Ocean Health
Open accessAbstract
International and regional policies aimed at managing ocean ecosystem health need quantitative and comprehensive indices to synthesize information from a variety of sources, consistently measure progress, and communicate with key constituencies and the public. Here we present the second annual global assessment of the Ocean Health Index, reporting current scores and annual changes since 2012, recalculated using updated methods and data based on the best available science, for 221 coastal countries and territories. The Index measures performance of ten societal goals for healthy oceans on a quantitative scale of increasing health from 0 to 100, and combines these scores into a single Index score, for each country and globally. The global Index score improved one point (from 67 to 68), while many country-level Index and goal scores had larger changes. Per-country Index scores ranged from 41-95 and, on average, improved by 0.06 points (range -8 to +12). Globally, average scores increased for individual goals by as much as 6.5 points (coastal economies) and decreased by as much as 1.2 points (natural products). Annual updates of the Index, even when not all input data have been updated, provide valuable information to scientists, policy makers, and resource managers because patterns and trends can emerge from the data that have been updated. Changes of even a few points indicate potential successes (when scores increase) that merit recognition, or concerns (when scores decrease) that may require mitigative action, with changes of more than 10-20 points representing large shifts that deserve greater attention. Goal scores showed remarkably little covariance across regions, indicating low redundancy in the Index, such that each goal delivers information about a different facet of ocean health. Together these scores provide a snapshot of global ocean health and suggest where countries have made progress and where a need for further improvement exists.
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66% of ocean surface is experiencing increasing cumulative impacts.
“66% of ocean surface is experiencing increasing cumulative impacts ( 20 )”
From Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results and Discussion report changes in Ocean Health Index scores, not the proportion of ocean surface experiencing increasing cumulative impacts. Searches for “66%,” “cumulative impacts,” and ocean surface area found no passage supporting the claimed figure in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Lowndes, J. S. S., Best, B. D., Frazier, M., Katona, S. K., Kleisner, K. M., Rosenberg, A. A., Scarborough, C., & Selig, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Conservation International (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Union of Concerned Scientists (US)
- Corresponding author
- Halpern, Benjamin S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-03-16
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e0117863
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4361765
- OpenAlex
- W2163939760
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 38.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- David and Lucile Packard Foundation
- Oak Foundation
- National Geographic Society
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Coastal and Marine Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
- Keywords
- Ocean Health Index, ocean health, marine ecosystem health, coastal countries, marine policy, coastal economy, natural products
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Fisheries, Oceans and Seas, Ecosystem, Internationality, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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