Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species
Abstract
One of the most pervasive themes in ecology is that biological diversity stabilizes ecosystem processes and the services they provide to society, a concept that has become a common argument for biodiversity conservation. Species-rich communities are thought to produce more temporally stable ecosystem services because of the complementary or independent dynamics among species that perform similar ecosystem functions. Such variance dampening within communities is referred to as a portfolio effect and is analogous to the effects of asset diversity on the stability of financial portfolios. In ecology, these arguments have focused on the effects of species diversity on ecosystem stability but have not considered the importance of biologically relevant diversity within individual species. Current rates of population extirpation are probably at least three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates, so there is a pressing need to clarify how population and life history diversity affect the performance of individual species in providing important ecosystem services. Here we use five decades of data from Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to provide the first quantification of portfolio effects that derive from population and life history diversity in an important and heavily exploited species. Variability in annual Bristol Bay salmon returns is 2.2 times lower than it would be if the system consisted of a single homogenous population rather than the several hundred discrete populations it currently consists of. Furthermore, if it were a single homogeneous population, such increased variability would lead to ten times more frequent fisheries closures. Portfolio effects are also evident in watershed food webs, where they stabilize and extend predator access to salmon resources. Our results demonstrate the critical importance of maintaining population diversity for stabilizing ecosystem services and securing the economies and livelihoods that depend on them. The reliability of ecosystem services will erode faster than indicated by species loss alone.
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The portfolio effect may convey resilience in variable environments and stabilize abundance to help sustain healthy fisheries.
“This so-called “portfolio effect” may convey resilience in variable environments and stabilize abundance to help sustain healthy fisheries [1, 2].”
From Estimating Common Growth Patterns in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Diverse Genetic Stocks and a Large Spatial Extent (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
No single species can provide ecosystem functioning at all times, but many species or populations can average out environmental fluctuations, providing temporal insurance.
“As a result, although no single species can provide ecosystem functioning at all times58, many species31 or populations61 can average out the fluctuations in the environment, providing temporal insurance32 (Fig. 3).”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
Higher biodiversity tends to reduce inter-annual variability of ecosystem productivity.
“Higher levels of biodiversity tend to reduce the inter-annual variability of ecosystem productivity28,61.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- Schindler, D. E., Hilborn, R., Chasco, B., Boatright, C. P., Quinn, T. P., Rogers, L. A., & Webster, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schindler, Daniel E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 465
- Issue
- 7298
- Pages
- 609-612
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2105620701
- Cited by
- 1,605
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 62.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- sockeye salmon, portfolio effect, population diversity, life history diversity, fisheries management, population variation, hatchery effects, genetic diversity, mixed-stock fisheries, ecosystem resilience, ecosystem services, fishery closure, habitat networks, population homogenization, overharvesting, population extirpation
- MeSH terms
- Alaska, Animals, Fisheries, Geography, Models, Biological, Population Dynamics, Probability, Salmon, Species Specificity, Food Chain, Animal Migration, Biodiversity, Rivers, Extinction, Biological
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