Th2 cytokines inhibit lymphangiogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Lymphangiogenesis is the process by which new lymphatic vessels grow in response to pathologic stimuli such as wound healing, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. It is well-recognized that growth factors and cytokines regulate lymphangiogenesis by promoting or inhibiting lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) proliferation, migration and differentiation. Our group has shown that the expression of T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines is markedly increased in lymphedema, and that these cytokines inhibit lymphatic function by increasing fibrosis and promoting changes in the extracellular matrix. However, while the evidence supporting a role for T cells and Th2 cytokines as negative regulators of lymphatic function is clear, the direct effects of Th2 cytokines on isolated LECs remains poorly understood. Using in vitro and in vivo studies, we show that physiologic doses of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) have profound anti-lymphangiogenic effects and potently impair LEC survival, proliferation, migration, and tubule formation. Inhibition of these cytokines with targeted monoclonal antibodies in the cornea suture model specifically increases inflammatory lymphangiogenesis without concomitant changes in angiogenesis. These findings suggest that manipulation of anti-lymphangiogenic pathways may represent a novel and potent means of improving lymphangiogenesis.
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The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are linked to reduced LEC viability and LEC gene expression.
“the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are linked to reduced LEC viability and LEC gene expression (143).”
From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [143]
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The Function of T Cell Immunity in Lymphedema: A Comprehensive Review
Fu, A., & Liu, C. (2023) · Lymphatic Research and Biology · doi:10.1089/lrb.2023.0002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lin, T., Zhang, X., Yang, L., & Gong, L. (2019) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2018.4590 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emerging roles for lymphatics in acute kidney injury: Beneficial or maleficent?
Creed, H. A., & Rutkowski, J. M. (2021) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370220983235 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Masood, F., Bhattaram, R., Rosenblatt, M. I., Kazlauskas, A., Chang, J., & Azar, D. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.846936 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mechanics of Lymphatic Pumping and Lymphatic FunctionPreprint
Razavi, M. S., Munn, L. L., & Padera, T. P. (2024) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041171 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Staging Approaches to Lymphatic Surgery: Techniques and Considerations
Salibian, A. A., Yu, N., & Patel, K. M. (2024) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.27984 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Lymphatic Highway: How Lymphatics Drive Lung Health and Disease
Zhang, X., Du, X., & Cui, Y. (2024) · Lung · doi:10.1007/s00408-024-00739-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Metformin Use and Risk of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Retrospective Analysis
Rubin, J., Pollack, B. L., Coleman-Belin, J. C., Campbell, A.-C., Roberts, A., Wagner, B. D., Kataru, R. P., Boe, L. A., Barrio, A. V., & Mehrara, B. J. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000001434 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, A., & Liu, C. (2023) · Gland Surgery · doi:10.21037/gs-23-48 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Pathophysiology and Molecular Research in Lymphedema
Kiwanuka, E., & Mehrara, B. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93039-4_3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Stem/Progenitor Cells on Lymphangiogenesis in Vascular Disease
Mou, R., Chen, K., Zhu, P., Xu, Q., & Ma, L. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11244056 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pollack, B. L., Torrisi, J. S., Hespe, G. E., Ashokan, G., Shin, J., Mehrara, B. J., & Kataru, R. P. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13051026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSung, C., Wan, J., Park, S. Y., Cooper, M. N., Bouz, A., Choi, D., Jung, E., Kim, G. H., Hong, Y. K., & Wong, A. K. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202200146rr · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Cytological and Biochemical Analyses of Lymphatic Fluid from Patients with Lymphatic Malformations
Zhou, J., Guo, L., Song, D., Li, J., Liu, Z., Sun, J., & Niu, Y. (2023) · Lymphatic Research and Biology · doi:10.1089/lrb.2021.0068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Keratinocytes: A key player in skin immunity and their emerging roles in secondary lymphedema
Chen, X., Kuonqui, K. G., Pal, S., Shin, J., Stull-Lane, A. R., Ashokan, G., Hespe, G. E., Mehrara, B. J., & Kataru, R. P. (2026) · JID Innovations · doi:10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100471 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Keratinocytes coordinate inflammatory responses and regulate development of secondary lymphedemaPreprint
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Self-citationLymphödem, Inflammation und neue Therapieansätze
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Interleukin 13 alleviates traumatic brain injury by promoting pericyte autophagy
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Critical role of keratinocytes and protease‐activated receptor 2 in secondary lymphedema development
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Self-citationLocal lymphatic circulation disorder: A key promoter of tissue inflammation and organ fibrosis
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Investigative strategies on lymphatic vessel modulation for treating lymphedema in future medicine
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New and Emerging Therapies for Lymphedema: Part II
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Lymphatic Mechanoregulation in Development and Disease
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- Authors
- Savetsky, I. L., Ghanta, S., Gardenier, J. C., Torrisi, J. S., García Nores, G. D., Hespe, G. E., Nitti, M. D., Kataru, R. P., & Mehrara, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mehrara, Babak J.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-06-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0126908
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4454507
- OpenAlex
- W560736474
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (CA008748, P30 CA008748)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL111130)
- National Cancer Institute (T32CA009685, P30CA008748, T32CA009501)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lymphatic Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- lymphangiogenesis, Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-13, lymphatic endothelial cells, lymphedema, anti-lymphangiogenic therapy, lymphatic fibrosis, extracellular matrix, monoclonal antibodies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Movement, Cell Survival, Male, Interleukin-4, Th2 Cells, Interleukin-13, Lymphangiogenesis, Endothelial Cells, Cell Proliferation, Mice
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