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120 Years of U.S. Residential Housing Stock and Floor Space
Open accessAbstract
Residential buildings are a key driver of energy consumption and also impact transportation and land-use. Energy consumption in the residential sector accounts for one-fifth of total U.S. energy consumption and energy-related CO2 emissions, with floor space a major driver of building energy demands. In this work a consistent, vintage-disaggregated, annual long-term series of U.S. housing stock and residential floor space for 1891-2010 is presented. An attempt was made to minimize the effects of the incompleteness and inconsistencies present in the national housing survey data. Over the 1891-2010 period, floor space increased almost tenfold, from approximately 24,700 to 235,150 million square feet, corresponding to a doubling of floor space per capita from approximately 400 to 800 square feet. While population increased five times over the period, a 50% decrease in household size contributed towards a tenfold increase in the number of housing units and floor space, while average floor space per unit remains surprisingly constant, as a result of housing retirement dynamics. In the last 30 years, however, these trends appear to be changing, as household size shows signs of leveling off, or even increasing again, while average floor space per unit has been increasing. GDP and total floor space show a remarkably constant growth trend over the period and total residential sector primary energy consumption and floor space show a similar growth trend over the last 60 years, decoupling only within the last decade.
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Per capita floor area trends upwards with time and increasing GDP.
“Per capita floor area trends upwards with time and increasing GDP [48]”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the US, the average lifetime of residential buildings is 50-60 years; in Europe it exceeds 100 years; recent historical building lifetimes have been 30-40 years in Japan and just 25 years in China.
“In the US, the average lifetime of residential buildings is 50-60 years [43,48,60], in Europe it exceeds 100 years [61][62][63], while recent historical building lifetimes have been 30-40 years in Japan [64,65] and just 25 years in China [66][67][68].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Moura, M. C. P., Smith, S. J., & Belzer, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Joint Global Change Research Institute (US)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moura, Maria Cecilia P.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-08-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0134135
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4532357
- OpenAlex
- W1144862048
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC05–76RL01830, 76RL01830, AC05-76RL01830, DE-AC05?)
- Battelle (AC05-76RL01830, DE- AC05-76RL01830, DE-AC05)
- Office of Science (DE‐AC05‐76 RL01830)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (DEAC0576RL01830, 76RL01830, AC05-76RL01830)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Housing Market and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
- Keywords
- floor area, household size, household energy consumption, energy-related CO2 emissions, housing survey, United States housing
- MeSH terms
- Housing, United States, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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