Early childhood development and schooling attainment: longitudinal evidence from British, Finnish and Philippine birth cohorts
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: While recent literature has highlighted the importance of early childhood development for later life outcomes, comparatively little is known regarding the relative importance of early physical and cognitive development in predicting educational attainment cross-culturally. METHODS: We used prospective data from three birth cohorts: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986 (NFBC1986), the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS1970), and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey of 1983 (CLHNS) to assess the association of height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and cognitive development measured prior to age 8 with schooling attainment. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate baseline and adjusted associations. RESULTS: Both physical and cognitive development were highly predictive of adult educational attainment conditional on parental characteristics. The largest positive associations between physical development and schooling were found in the CLHNS (β = 0.53, 95%-CI: [0.32, 0.74]) with substantially smaller associations in the BCS1970 (β = 0.10, 95% CI [0.04, 0.16]) and the NFBC1986 (β = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.16]). Strong associations between cognitive development and educational attainment were found for all three cohorts (NFBC1986: β = 0.22, 95%-CI: [0.12, 0.31], BCS1970: β = 0.58, 95%-CI: [0.52, 0.64], CLHNS: β = 1.08, 95%-CI: [0.88, 1.27]). Models jointly estimating educational associations of physical and cognitive development demonstrated weaker associations for physical development and minimal changes for cognitive development. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that although physical and cognitive early development are both important predictors of educational attainment, cognitive development appears to play a particularly important role. The large degree of heterogeneity in the observed effect sizes suggest that the importance of early life physical growth and cognitive development is highly dependent on socioeconomic and institutional contexts.
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The number of children in Nepal that fail to meet their developmental potential is large.
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- Authors
- Peet, E. D., McCoy, D. C., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., Fawzi, W., Jarvelin, M.-R., Pillas, D., & Fink, G.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Peet, Evan D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-09-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0137219
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4564180
- OpenAlex
- W2131633829
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Aga Khan Foundation
- Bernard van Leer Foundation
- Wellcome Trust (100693)
- Grand Challenges Canada
- Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- early childhood development, educational attainment, height-for-age z-score, physical growth, cognitive development, birth cohort, cross-cultural comparison, parental characteristics, socioeconomic context, Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, 1970 British Cohort Study, Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Finland, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Philippines, Physical Education and Training, Pregnancy, Schools, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Nutrition Assessment
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