Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Smartphone Addiction
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Global smartphone penetration has led to unprecedented addictive behaviors. The aims of this study are to develop diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction and to examine the discriminative ability and the validity of the diagnostic criteria. METHODS: We developed twelve candidate criteria for characteristic symptoms of smartphone addiction and four criteria for functional impairment caused by excessive smartphone use. The participants consisted of 281 college students. Each participant was systematically assessed for smartphone-using behaviors by psychiatrist's structured diagnostic interview. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the candidate symptom criteria were analyzed with reference to the psychiatrists' clinical global impression. The optimal model selection with its cutoff point of the diagnostic criteria differentiating the smartphone addicted subjects from non-addicted subjects was then determined by the best diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Six symptom criteria model with optimal cutoff point were determined based on the maximal diagnostic accuracy. The proposed smartphone addiction diagnostic criteria consisted of (1) six symptom criteria, (2) four functional impairment criteria and (3) exclusion criteria. Setting three symptom criteria as the cutoff point resulted in the highest diagnostic accuracy (84.3%), while the sensitivity and specificity were 79.4% and 87.5%, respectively. We suggested determining the functional impairment by two or more of the four domains considering the high accessibility and penetration of smartphone use. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction demonstrated the core symptoms "impaired control" paralleled with substance related and addictive disorders. The functional impairment involved multiple domains provide a strict standard for clinical assessment.
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- Authors
- Lin, Y.-H., Chiang, C.-L., Lin, P.-H., Chang, L.-R., Ko, C.-H., Lee, Y.-H., & Lin, S.-H.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University Hospital (TW)
- Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Kaohsiung Medical University (TW)
- Tamkang University (TW)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Sheng-Hsuan
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-11-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e0163010
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5112893
- OpenAlex
- W2551806290
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 41.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- National Taiwan University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- smartphone addiction, diagnostic criteria, functional disability, impaired control, university students, diagnostic accuracy, symptom criteria, exclusion criteria, substance-related and addictive disorders
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Logistic Models, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult
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