Cited by 236Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics StudiesWildlife Ecology and ConservationConservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 37 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator

Open access

McRae, Louise, Deinet, Stefanie, Freeman, Robin·2017·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0169156PMC PMC5207715

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Abstract

As threats to species continue to increase, precise and unbiased measures of the impact these pressures are having on global biodiversity are urgently needed. Some existing indicators of the status and trends of biodiversity largely rely on publicly available data from the scientific and grey literature, and are therefore prone to biases introduced through over-representation of well-studied groups and regions in monitoring schemes. This can give misleading estimates of biodiversity trends. Here, we report on an approach to tackle taxonomic and geographic bias in one such indicator (Living Planet Index) by accounting for the estimated number of species within biogeographical realms, and the relative diversity of species within them. Based on a proportionally weighted index, we estimate a global population decline in vertebrate species between 1970 and 2012 of 58% rather than 20% from an index with no proportional weighting. From this data set, comprising 14,152 populations of 3,706 species from 3,095 data sources, we also find that freshwater populations have declined by 81%, marine populations by 36%, and terrestrial populations by 38% when using proportional weighting (compared to trends of -46%, +12% and +15% respectively). These results not only show starker declines than previously estimated, but suggests that those species for which there is poorer data coverage may be declining more rapidly.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper develops a diversity-weighted Living Planet Index (LPI-D) to correct taxonomic and geographic bias in the Living Planet Index by weighting species trends according to estimated species richness across realms and taxa. It estimates a 58% global vertebrate population decline from 1970 to 2012, compared with 20% under the unweighted LPI.

Key findings

The global LPI-D declined by 58% (95% CI: -48.3 to -66.0) between 1970 and 2012, an average annual decline of 2%, versus a 19.7% decline (95% CI: -6.6 to -30.9) and 0.52% annual decline for the unweighted LPI-U.
System-level LPI-D declines were 81.5% for freshwater (95% CI: -68.5 to -89.3), 35.6% for marine (95% CI: -19.5 to -48.8), and 37.9% for terrestrial (95% CI: -20.4 to -51.5); Table 1 gives LPI-U 2012 index values of 0.544 for freshwater, 1.125 for marine, and 0.848 for terrestrial.
For the Palearctic realm, LPI-U showed a 38.4% increase (95% CI: 12.7–66.2), while LPI-D showed a 30.3% decline (95% CI: -1.4 to -50.2).
The database contained 14,152 populations of 3,706 species from 3,095 data sources; representation was biased toward temperate birds and mammals, with under-representation of most tropical realms and marine fishes, and Afrotropical herps representing less than 1% of known species.

Methods

Data came from the Living Planet Database: time series of population size, density, abundance, or abundance proxies for vertebrate species from 1970 to 2012, requiring at least two years of data, consistent methods, and traceable sources.
The LPI-D weighted trends by estimated known species richness across systems, biogeographic realms, and taxonomic groups (birds, mammals, fish, and combined herps), producing 57 subsets; systems were weighted equally, realms were weighted by species proportions within systems, and taxa were weighted by species proportions within realms.
Population trends were modeled with Generalized Additive Models for series with six or more data points and the chain method otherwise; population lambdas were averaged to species trends, and 95% confidence intervals were generated with 10,000 bootstrap iterations. Binomial tests assessed taxonomic over- or under-representation.

Limitations

Stated: the approach relies on reasonable species lists, which change over time and may be lower quality for less studied groups and regions; estimates of undescribed species (57% amphibians, 13% reptiles, 22% fish) suggest these groups could receive even greater weight and that declines may be steeper than estimated.
Stated: LPI-D addresses broad geographic bias but not smaller-scale coverage gaps, such as Palearctic data being largely from Europe, Afrotropical data being better represented in eastern and southern Africa, and marine data clustering near coasts.
Stated and evident: manual data entry is a critical limitation for growing the database; some abundance records are confidential and cannot be made publicly available, and incomplete IUCN assessments for fishes (745 of 1,369 species unassessed, plus 40 Data Deficient) limit the threatened-species representation analysis.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0169156

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 37 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a proportionally weighted index, we estimate a global population decline in vertebrate species between 1970 and 2012 of 58% rather than 20% from an index with no proportional weighting.”
- Also stated in: § Applying the LPI-D approach to the global living planet index · plain
  “This result shows a greater rate of decline than the index calculated using the LPI-U approach which has an average annual decline of 0.52% per year and an overall decline of 19.7% (95% CI: -6.6 –-30.9), over the 42-year period.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Our comparison to a study on geographic bias in terrestrial ecological sites revealed that 63% of the terrestrial sites in the LPD occur in a protected area which is the same proportion as found in Martin et al. (χ2 = 0.004, df = 1, p = 0.95), and more than the expected 13% (χ2 = 883.83, df = 1, p = 0.00).”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Results > Geographic representation within the living planet index
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martin et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a proportionally weighted index, we estimate a global population decline in vertebrate species between 1970 and 2012 of 58% rather than 20% from an index with no proportional weighting.”
- Also stated in: § Applying the LPI-D approach to the global living planet index · plain
  “The global index produced using the LPI-D approach shows a decline of 58% (95% CI: -48.3 –-66.0) between 1970 and 2012 (Fig 5) which equates to an average annual decline of 2% per year.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 65 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 42
Probably not a substantial claim. 18

In the paper
“The pattern of representation in wealthy countries was similar to Martin et al. but overall results were mixed with over- und under-representation of high and low income countries compared to the number of sites expected (S4 Table).”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Results > Geographic representation within the living planet index
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martin et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For the marine system, data tend to be clustered near the coasts which is where most known impact from human activity occurs [41] but also the areas of higher species richness [42].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] BS Halpern, 2008, A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [42] DP Tittensor, 2010, Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These types of bias are a common feature of other global biodiversity databases [10,11], usually with a noticeable gap in data from tropical regions [12].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] EH Boakes, 2010, Distorted Views of Biodiversity: Spatial and Temporal Bias in Species Occurrence Data, PLoS Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [11] C Yesson, 2007, How Global Is the Global Biodiversity Information Facility?, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [12] B Collen, 2008, The tropical biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in global monitoring, Tropical Conservation Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the performance of biodiversity indicators such as the LPI can be compromised by the presence of bias in the data and limited in effectiveness as tools in measuring progress towards specific policy targets [1,14].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] B Collen, 2014, Taking the measure of change, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [14] E Nicholson, 2012, Making Robust Policy Decisions Using Global Biodiversity Indicators, PLoS ONE source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other indicators based on species abundance (e.g. [15,16]) are developed for a selected group of species using a systematic monitoring protocol to collect the data used, so the indicator is spatially and taxonomically representative of the region and taxa in question.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] RD Gregory, 2005, Developing indicators for European birds, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences source
- Not checked yetcites [16] CAM van Swaay, 2008, Butterfly monitoring in Europe: methods, applications and perspectives, Biodiversity and Conservation source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Living Planet Index (LPI) [7–9], one in the suite of global species indicators used to track progress towards Aichi Target 12, focusses on monitoring the population trends of vertebrate species.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] WWF (2016) Living Planet Report 2016: Risk and resilience in a new era WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
- Not checked yetcites [8] B Collen, 2009, Monitoring Change in Vertebrate Abundance: the Living Planet Index, Conservation Biology source
- Not checked yetcites [9] J Loh, 2005, The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The LPI includes available published data, primarily in the scientific and grey literature (e.g. government/NGO reports) taken from the Living Planet Database (LPD) and records trends in 14,152 populations of 3,706 species.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] WWF (2016) Living Planet Report 2016: Risk and resilience in a new era WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
- Not checked yetcites [8] B Collen, 2009, Monitoring Change in Vertebrate Abundance: the Living Planet Index, Conservation Biology source
- Not checked yetcites [9] J Loh, 2005, The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Improving the coverage of Data Deficient species, as categorised by the IUCN Red List, might introduce negative trends if these species are likely to be threatened, as has been predicted for terrestrial mammals [43].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] LM Bland, 2015, Predicting the conservation status of data-deficient species, Conservation Biology source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, tropical regions tend to have higher richness and a greater proportion of threatened species [34], so this method may introduce another bias by placing a high proportion of weight on groups that may be less well monitored, under-represented, or more likely to be categorized as threatened.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] R Grenyer, 2006, Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates, Nature source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Estimates for the number of as yet unidentified birds and mammals are small (e.g. ~10–15 species), but the number of unidentified amphibians, reptiles and fish are much larger with respective estimates of 57%, 13% and 22% undescribed [44].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] BR Scheffers, 2012, What we know and don’t know about Earth's missing biodiversity, Trends in Ecology & Evolution source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other approaches have been used, for example, to account for the differing proportion of a species’ total population across different countries [15].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] RD Gregory, 2005, Developing indicators for European birds, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the bias towards data from protected areas might suggest the LPI would show a greater decline if counterfactuals from unprotected sites were equally monitored, on the assumption that protection has a positive effect on population trends.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Protection has a positive effect on population trends.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trends in abundance of species populations are a crucial indicator of biodiversity [28,29] and can provide early warnings of declines prior to species qualifying for high levels of extinction risk [30].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] L Santini, Assessing the suitability of diversity metrics to detect biodiversity change, Biological Conservation
- Not checked yetcites [29] ST Buckland, 2011, The geometric mean of relative abundance indices: a biodiversity measure with a difference, Ecosphere source
- Not checked yetcites [30] B Collen, 2011, Predicting how populations decline to extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consequently, this metric has been recommended as an Essential Biodiversity Variable [31], and, its use in geometric mean abundance indicators such as the Living Planet Index (LPI), is part of the mechanism to monitor biodiversity and assess progress towards the Aichi Targets.”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] HM Pereira, 2013, Essential Biodiversity Variables, Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example we know that tropical vertebrate populations are in worse decline than those in temperate regions [45] and that amphibians are threatened with a greater risk of extinction than mammals or birds [46].”
§ The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] SN Stuart, 2004, Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide, Science source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

52 of 52

The authors state this as an assumption.
Protection has a positive effect on population trends.
“on the assumption that protection has a positive effect on population trends.”

1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Abstract reverses the unweighted terrestrial trend
Major
The abstract reports a 15% increase for the unweighted terrestrial index, but Table 1 gives its 2012 value as 0.848 relative to a 1970 baseline of 1-a decline of about 15%.
Marine group with zero representation contradicts removal rationale
Minor
The paper identifies a marine reptile group with 0% representation, then says no marine groups have less than 1% representation.

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Talis, E. J., Che‐Castaldo, C., Hart, T., McRae, L., & Lynch, H. J. (2023) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-023-03148-2 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Patterns of species richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the Guineo‐Congolian rain forest
Nneji, L. M., Azevedo, J. A. R., Oyebanji, O. O., Ma, L., Elsen, P. R., Oladipo, S. O., Salako, G., Puschendorf, R., & Pringle, R. M. (2023) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13717 · Cited by 13
“For example, Afrotropical wet forests are inordinately important centres of biodiversity, yet their endemic species richness patterns remain poorly characterized (Anthony et al., 2015; McRae et al., 2017).”
Background
Biodiversity Monitoring and the Role of Scientists in the Twenty-first Century
Ferreira, C., Stephenson, P. J., Gill, M., & Regan, E. (2021) · Wildlife research monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81085-6_2 · Cited by 13
Highly Conserved Ecosystems Facing Climate Change: Rapid Shifts in Odonata Assemblages of Central European Bogs
Šigutová, H., Pyszko, P., Bílková, E., & Dolný, A. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70183 · Cited by 12
The L iving P lanet I ndex's ability to capture biodiversity change from uncertain data
Hébert, K., & Gravel, D. (2023) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.4044 · Cited by 12
The Many Pathways of Mining Impacts on Biodiversity
Barbarossa, V., Schipper, A. M., Andringa, I., van Oorschot, M. M. P., Sonter, L. J., & Marques, A. (2026) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/con4.70000 · Cited by 16
“Existing multi-pressure biodiversity assessment models could provide a good starting point and allow comparing impacts on biodiversity across multiple pressures (Scholes and Biggs 2005; Visconti et al. 2016; Mcrae et al. 2017; Ohashi et al. 2019; Leclère et al. 2020; Schipper et al. 2020).”
Abundance and Variety in Nature: Fact and Value
Mikkelson, G. M. (2022) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-021-00451-2 · Cited by 11
An analysis of threats and factors that predict trends in Canadian vertebrates designated as at-risk
Currie, J., & Marconi, V. (2020) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2019-0017 · Cited by 12
Evaluation of aquatic ecological systems through dynamics of ichthyofaunal diversity in a Himalayan torrential river, Murti
Panja, S., Podder, A., & Homechaudhuri, S. (2020) · Limnologica · doi:10.1016/j.limno.2020.125779 · Cited by 12
Multidimensional patterns of bird diversity and its driving forces in the Yangtze River Basin of China
Liu, W., Mu, T., Yuan, S., Yi, J., Yu, D., Li, J.-Q., Ma, F., Wan, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, R., et al. (2024) · Eco-Environment & Health · doi:10.1016/j.eehl.2024.10.001 · Cited by 9
Multi-species population indices for sets of species including rare, disappearing or newly occurring species
Korner‐Nievergelt, F., Strebel, N., Buckland, S. T., Freeman, R., Gregory, R. D., Guélat, J., Isaac, N. J. B., Rae, L. M., Roth, T., Schirmer, S., et al. (2022) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109005 · Cited by 10
“Whilst equal weighting of species is generally seen as a desirable property of MSIs, unequal weighting is sometimes applied to address unrepresen-tative taxonomic or geographic coverage (McRae et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Compatibility between agendas for improving human development and wildlife conservation outside protected areas: Insights from 20 years of data
Ament, J. M., Collen, B., Carbone, C., Mace, G. M., & Freeman, R. (2019) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10041 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Knowledge gaps and biases in the Pantanal indicate future directions for ornithological research in large wetlands
Fernández-Arellano, G., Teixido, A. L., Bernardon, B., Bueno, E. D. R., Ferreira, T. V., Gonçalves, S. R. A., Jesus, M., Thomas, K. P. C. S., Zucchetto, M., Piacentini, V. D. Q., et al. (2021) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.12931 · Cited by 10
Dramatic decline of two freshwater killifishes, main anthropogenic drivers and appropriate conservation actions
Kalogianni, E., Kapakos, Y., Oikonomou, A., Giakoumi, S., & Zimmerman, B. (2022) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126191 · Cited by 10
Body mass and latitude as global predictors of vertebrate populations exposure to multiple threats
Capdevila, P., Noviello, N., McRae, L., Freeman, R., & Clements, C. F. (2022) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.06309 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Procrustean beds and empty boxes: On the magic of creating environmental data
Jarić, I., Quétier, F., & Meinard, Y. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.07.006 · Cited by 10
A global indicator of utilised wildlife populations: regional trends and the impact of managementPreprint
McRae, L., Freeman, R., Geldmann, J., Moss, G. B., Kjær-Hansen, L., & Burgess, N. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365031 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
The spectral color of natural and anthropogenic time series and its impact on the statistical significance of cross correlation
Núñez‐Riboni, I., Chelton, D. B., & Marconi, V. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160219 · Cited by 9
Impacts of climate change on dragonflies and damselflies in West and Central Asia
Cadena, J. T., Boudot, J., Kalkman, V. J., & Marshall, L. (2023) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13704 · Cited by 9
“However, not all ecosystems are changing at the same rate: freshwater biodiversity is declining faster than both marine and terrestrial biodiversity (McRae et al., 2017).”
Background
Inter‐decadal variation in diadromous and potamodromous fish assemblages in a near pristine tropical dryland river
Lear, K. O., Ebner, B. C., Fazeldean, T., Whitty, J. M., & Morgan, D. L. (2023) · Ecology Of Freshwater Fish · doi:10.1111/eff.12698 · Cited by 9
Comparative assessment of piscine beta diversity profile and key determinant environmental factors in two freshwater rivers of variable spatial scale in Dooars, West Bengal, India
Panja, S., Chakrabarty, M., Podder, A., Roy, A., Biswas, M., & Homechaudhuri, S. (2021) · Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s42965-021-00171-4 · Cited by 9
Integrating ocean observations across body‐size classes to deliver benthic invertebrate abundance and distribution information
Ruhl, H. A., Bett, B. J., Ingels, J., Martin, A. P., Gates, A. R., Yool, A., Benoist, N. M. A., Appeltans, W., Howell, K. L., & Danovaro, R. (2023) · Limnology and Oceanography Letters · doi:10.1002/lol2.10332 · Cited by 8
“For example, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has proposed a target to protect 30% of the land and ocean areas by 2030.”
MethodInfluential
An annotated checklist of recent non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Argentina, South America
Sabater, L. M., MONFERRAN, M. D., Higuti, J., & Pérez, P. (2023) · Zootaxa · doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5336.2.1 · Cited by 8
REVIVE: A feasibility assessment tool for freshwater fish conservation translocations in Mediterranean rivers
Kalogianni, E., Koutsikos, N., Karaouzas, I., Smeti, E., Kapakos, Y., Laschou, S., Dimitriou, E., & Vardakas, L. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160595 · Cited by 8
A plea for more freshwater experts in IPBES
Kuiper, J. J. (2023) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.3956 · Cited by 9
Regional impacts of warming on biodiversity and biomass in high latitude stream ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere
Jackson, M. C., Friberg, N. R., Cachazo, L. M., Clark, D. R., Mutinová, P. T., O’Gorman, E. J., Kordas, R. L., Gallo, B., Pichler, D. E., Bespalaya, Y. V., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-05936-w · Cited by 10
“However, responses to human activity among regionsandbiomes(e.g. Arctictundravsborealforest),andecosystemtypes (e.g. aquaticvsterrestrial) 1,5 are often inconsistent, with a particular paucity of data on freshwaters, especially at high latitudes (but see ref.”
Improving the monitoring of conservation programmes: lessons from a grant-making initiative for threatened species
Badalotti, A., van Galen, L. G., Vié, J., & Stephenson, P. J. (2021) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605320000538 · Cited by 8
Five recommendations to fill the blank space in indicators at local and short-term scales
Hébert, K., Jousse, M., Serrano, J., Karger, D. N., Blanchet, F. G., & Pollock, L. J. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111007 · Cited by 7
Models and Indices of Sustainability Assessment in the Energy Context
Ziemba, P., Becker, A., & Becker, J. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15249465 · Cited by 7
Research progress of aquatic ecological monitoring and assessment in watersheds and development recommendations in China
Xiaowei, J., Xianfu, Z., Xiaodong, 渠. Q., Renji, X., Shouliang, H., Wang, Y., Fusheng, W., & Wu, F. (2023) · Journal of Lake Sciences · doi:10.18307/2023.0300 · Cited by 7
Species conservation target for freshwater fishes inhabiting Bengal sub-tropical montane rivers of Eastern Himalayas: an indexed value approach for priority determination
Panja, S., Podder, A., Chakrabarty, M., & Homechaudhuri, S. (2022) · Aquatic Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10452-022-09973-7 · Cited by 7
“With increasing anthropogenic pressures upon the watersheds of freshwater rivers, lakes, streams, and reservoirs, the organisms are becoming susceptible to disease, mortality, reproductive failures, and, ultimately, local extinctions (Sarkar et al. 2008; McRae et al. 2017).”
Background
Concurrent threats and extinction risk in a long‐lived, highly fecund vertebrate with parental care
Brooks, G. C., Hopkins, W. A., & Kindsvater, H. K. (2024) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2946 · Cited by 7
Assessing the global impact of targeted conservation actions on species abundancePreprint
Jellesmark, S., Blackburn, T. M., Dove, S., Geldmann, J., Visconti, P., Gregory, R. D., McRae, L., & Hoffmann, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476374 · Cited by 9
“Since 1998, the LPD has provided the vertebrate population abundance data used to estimate the Living Planet Index (Collen et al. 2009; McRae et al. 2017; McRae et al. 2020), one of the key global indicators for biodiversity, and a measure adopted and used by the Convention of Biological Diversity…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Assessing the value of citizen scientist observations in tracking the abundance of marine fishes
Greenberg, D. A., Pattengill‐Semmens, C. V., & Semmens, B. X. (2024) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.13009 · Cited by 6
“Although thousands of population monitoring programs have been conducted on various taxa across the world, only a small fraction of species are known to have any time-series of population abundance (McRae et al., 2017; Moussy et al., 2021).”
Background
Non‐linearity and Temporal Variability Are Overlooked Components of Global Vertebrate Population Dynamics
Boënnec, M., Dakos, V., & Devictor, V. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13932 · Cited by 7
Effects of flow reduction and artificial light at night (ALAN) on litter decomposition and invertebrate communities in streams: A flume experiment
Juvigny‐Khenafou, N. P. D., Burgazzi, G., Steiner, N., Harvey, É., Terui, A., Piggott, J. J., Manfrin, A., Feckler, A., Leese, F., & Schäfer, R. B. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168836 · Cited by 6
Variable effects of protected areas on long‐term multispecies trends for Australia's imperiled birds
Bayraktarov, E., Correa, D. F., Suárez‐Castro, A. F., Garnett, S. T., Macgregor, N. A., Possingham, H. P., & TULLOCH, A. I. T. (2021) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.443 · Cited by 6
“Following the methodology developed to build the TSX, we used the Living Planet Index (LPI) method (Collen et al., 2009; Loh et al., 2005; McRae et al., 2017) to produce multi-taxon trends to estimate a yearly change in average bird taxa data in relation to a baseline year for which the index is…”
Influential
Automated synthesis of biodiversity knowledge requires better tools and standardised research output
Cornford, R., Millard, J. W., González‐Suárez, M., Freeman, R., & Johnson, T. F. (2022) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.06068 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Factors affecting the availability of data on East African wildlife: the monitoring needs of conservationists are not being met
Moreno, I., Gippet, J. M. W., Fumagalli, L., & Stephenson, P. J. (2022) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-022-02497-4 · Cited by 6
“2017), partly reflecting an over-representation of mammals and birds within vertebrates research and monitoring (Bonnet et al. 2002; McRae et al. 2017; Christie et al. 2021; Moussy et al. 2022).”
BackgroundInfluential
Using empirical data analysis and expert opinion to identify farmland‐associated bird species from their habitat associations
Lin, D., Maron, M., Amano, T., Chang, A., & Fuller, R. A. (2022) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.13179 · Cited by 5
Consequences of underexplored variation in biodiversity indices used for land‐use prioritization
Crawford, C. L., Estes, L. D., Searchinger, T. D., & Wilcove, D. S. (2021) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2396 · Cited by 6
Biocultural homogenization in elementary education degree students from contrasting ecoregions of Chile
Méndez-Herranz, M., Ibarra, J. T., Rozzi, R., & Marini, G. (2023) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-14080-280218 · Cited by 7
“…conservation, which mainly favor vertebrates (Bonnet et al. 2002, Clark and May 2002, Fjellstrom 2002, Hecnar 2009, Taborsky 2009, Martín-López et al. 2011, Donaldson et al. 2016, McRae et al. 2017, Rosenthal et al. 2017, Troudet et al. 2017, Gangwani and Landin 2018, Moore and Wilkie 2019).”
Managing Urban Waterbodies and Wetlands in Sunyani, Ghana
Asagadunga, P., Addaney, M., Anaafo, D., Akudugu, J. A., Ayee, D., & Abebrese, F. A. (2025) · International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development · doi:10.14246/irspsd.13.2_160 · Cited by 5
Ecology of Zoonotic Pathways Indicating Conflict and Mass Migration
Kruidbos, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94144-4_12 · Cited by 5
Murky waters: Assessing the vulnerabilities of Indo‐West Pacific non‐marine elasmobranchs to inform future conservation planning priorities
Mather, R., Chin, A., Rigby, C. L., Cooke, S. J., Fahmi, F., Haque, A. B., Mizrahi, M., & Grant, M. I. (2023) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.4039 · Cited by 5
“At present, freshwater vertebrate populations are considered to be declining at twice the rate of marine and terrestrial populations (McRae, Deinet & Freeman, 2017).”
Background
Fish functional diversity responses to total phosphorus in the rivers of the Baltic Sea catchment area
Deksne, M., van Bodegom, P. M., & Scherer, L. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126062 · Cited by 5
Avian Afterlives: Integrative Taxonomy of Hippoboscid Flies (Diptera) From Citizen‐Reported Bird Carcasses Reveals a New Species and Host–Parasite Diversity in Singapore
Lee, L., Oboňa, J., Lee, Y. X., Lee, K., Puniamoorthy, J., Tan, L. Y. K., Choo, R., Tan, D. J. X., Kwak, M. L., Ang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research · doi:10.1155/jzs/8819646 · Cited by 5
Can a single index track the state of global biodiversity?
Jaspers, A. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108524 · Cited by 5
Response of Freshwater Zooplankton Communities to Chronic Anthropogenic Noise
Rojas, E., Desjonquères, C., Agostini, S., Fiorini, S., Decencière, B., Danger, M., Felten, V., & Médoc, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10417-6_139-1 · Cited by 5
The systemic challenge of global heating
Baumann, F. (2018) · International Politics Reviews · doi:10.1057/s41312-018-0065-5 · Cited by 5
“Freshwater populations have declined by 81%, terrestrial populations by 38%, and marine populations by 36% (McRae et al, 2017; Warren et al, 2018).”
Background
Trends in Biodiversity: Vertebrates
Hoffmann, M., Brooks, T. M., Butchart, S. H. M., Gregory, R. D., & McRae, L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809665-9.09963-8 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Implementation of automated biodiversity monitoring lags behind its potential
King, R. A., & Halpern, B. S. (2025) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/add02d · Cited by 9
“The Living Planet Index, one of the most comprehensive time-series of global species-level monitoring [11, 12], primarily uses data pieced together from disparate surveys with limited species coverage (mammals, birds, and amphibians).”
New boundaries: Redefining the geographical range of a threatened fish through environmental DNA survey
Kalogianni, E., Zogaris, S., Leris, I., Laschou, S., Zimmerman, B., Meek, S., Sargeant, S. L., Weldon, L., & Steer, M. D. (2023) · Environmental DNA · doi:10.1002/edn3.428 · Cited by 4
Characterizing spatial patterns among freshwater fishes and shrimps of the Poso River (Sulawesi, Indonesia) using DNA barcoding
Wibowo, A., Kurniawan, K., Prakoso, V. A., Ginanjar, R., Rochman, F., Zamroni, M., Atminarso, D., Sumarto, B. K. A., Chadijah, A., Irawan, D., et al. (2024) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-024-01128-0 · Cited by 4
“Freshwater resources and their biodiversity rank among the world’s most imperiled ecosystems (McGregor Reid 2013; Yousefi et al. 2020), with a faster rate of decline than terrestrial or marine ecosystems (McRae et al. 2017).”
Body mass and latitude predict the presence of multiple stressors in global vertebrate populationsPreprint
Noviello, N., McRae, L., Freeman, R., & Clements, C. F. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423192 · Cited by 4
“This has resulted in the over-representation of well-studied regions and taxa, with research also inclined towards populations within protected areas and terrestrial ecosystems (McRae et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Stability metrics behave predictably across data qualities but are sensitive to community size
O’Brien, D. A., & Clements, C. F. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111191 · Cited by 3
Utilizing environmental DNA metabarcoding and local ecological knowledge for fish biodiversity assessment in Rivers of Java, Indonesia
Kurniawan, K., Wibowo, A., Prakoso, V. A., Chadijah, A., Astuti, S. S., Pratama, B. B., Nafiqoh, N., Haryono, H., Dahruddin, H., Surbani, I. L., et al. (2025) · Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems · doi:10.1051/kmae/2025009 · Cited by 3
“Since 1970, wildlife populations have had a cumulative drop of 58% (McRae et al. , 2017).”
Exploring riverine aquatic animal diversity and establishing aquatic ecological monitoring approaches tailored to the Qinling region via eDNA technology
Biao, W. A. N. G., Yuqi, W. A. N. G., He, N., Mingxing, D. U., & You, P. (2024) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12916 · Cited by 3
From coverage to extension: Evaluating indices for biodiversity monitoring in cities to reflect global and EU biodiversity targets
Keinath, S., Sommerwerk, N., Fienitz, M., & Freyhof, J. (2025) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113223 · Cited by 4
OBSOLETE: Trends in biodiversity; Vertebrates
Hoffmann, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09963-2 · Cited by 3
Monitoring vertebrate abundance in Austria: developments over 30 years
Semmelmayer, K., & Hackländer, K. (2020) · Die Bodenkultur Journal of Land Management Food and Environment · doi:10.2478/boku-2020-0003 · Cited by 3
“Weighting, as was performed by McRae et al. (2017) for the global LPI, may counteract this problem if adequate coefficients can be defined for each class.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Ecological Indicators for Surface Water Quality - Methodological Approaches to Fish Community Assessments in China and Germany
Beggel, S., Pander, J., & Geist, J. P. (2021) · Terrestrial environmental sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80234-9_2 · Cited by 3
Biodiversity Change: Past, Present, and Future
Purvis, A., & Isbell, F. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119902911.ch1 · Cited by 3
Assessing the global impact of targeted conservation actions on species abundancePreprint
Blackburn, T. M., Dove, S., Geldmann, J., Gregory, R. D., Hoffmann, M., McRae, L., Visconti, P., & Jellesmark, S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2861352/v1 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Impacts of the Koka hydropower dam on macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Awash River Basin in Ethiopia
Getachew, M., Mereta, S. T., Gebrie, G. S., Mulat, W. L., & Kelly‐Quinn, M. (2023) · Journal of Limnology · doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2023.2153 · Cited by 2
Population Variability and Apparent Recent Decline of River Birds in the Indian Himalaya
Sinha, A., Chatterjee, N., Ormerod, S. J., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2025) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.70017 · Cited by 1
“While longer term data may be needed to confirm the true pattern locally, population declines among river vertebrates are consistent with growing pressures on river environments from multiple sources (McRae et al. 2017).”
Robotic Environmental Monitoring Using Gelatin Hydrogels as a Biodegradable Adhesive
Geckeler, C., Heinrich, S., & Mintchev, S. (2025) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202401030 · Cited by 2
A review of biodiversity threats and conservation strategies for Himalayan snow trout
Wanjari, R. N., Rashid, I., Abass, Z., RAMTEKE, K. K., Somasundharam, I., & Gul, S. (2026) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-025-00151-1 · Cited by 3
“The International Union for Conservation of Nature indicates that approximately one-third of assessed freshwater species are at risk of extinction, with freshwater vertebrate populations declining at twice the rate of their terrestrial or marine counterparts [54, 154].”
Monitoring quality thresholds change the Living Planet Index through shifts in representation, not systematic bias in population trends
Oppenheimer, P., McRae, L., González‐Suárez, M., Hoffmann, M., & Freeman, R. (2026) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.115176 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Using a head‐start conservation intervention to boost spawning numbers of the endangered Clanwilliam sandfish
Cerrilla, C., Flemming, L., Griffiths, C. L., Impson, D., Jordaan, M. S., Kajee, M., Paxton, B. R., van der Walt, J. A., Whitehead, T. O., & Shelton, J. M. (2023) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.13065 · Cited by 2
“Since 1970, populations of freshwater vertebrates have declined by 83% (Almond et al., 2022) — more than twice the rate of their terrestrial and marine counterparts (McRae et al., 2017).”
Why Study Biodiversity in the Neotropics?
de Freitas, P. D., & Galetti, P. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83685-5_2 · Cited by 2
Sustainable management of non-timber forest products in Peruvian Amazonia: lessons learnt from participatory use of smartphone technology
Wheeler, C., Davies, A. L., Andueza, L., Cole, L. E. S., Dávila, N., Pasquel, J. D. Á., Villacorta, M. D. A., Draper, F. C. H., Evans, C. L. D., Coronado, E. N. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126198 · Cited by 2
First-time application of the IUCN urban Nature Indexes and its applicability for urban-related biodiversity conservation targets – A case study for Berlin, Germany
Keinath, S., Sommerwerk, N., Scuto, L., Nello, T., & Freyhof, J. (2025) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114327 · Cited by 2
Navigating methodological decisions: balancing rigor and data volume of the Canadian Living Planet Index
Currie, J., Ravoth, S. M., Marconi, V., McRae, L., Arce-Plata, M. I., Emry, S., Freeman, R., Jousse, M., Mével, G., Li, S., et al. (2026) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2025-0112 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
The distribution of the world’s internationally important wetlands and their contribution to global protected area goals and Aichi Biodiversity Target 11
Milton, R., Finlayson, C. M., & Davidson, N. C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817803-4.00008-5 · Cited by 2
Socioeconomics drive population change in the world’s largest carnivoresPreprint
Johnson, T. F., Isaac, N. J. B., Paviolo, A., & González‐Suárez, M. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470341 · Cited by 2
Toward a Sustainable Future: An Exploratory Approach to the Dynamics of Europe’s Urban Morphology and Sustainability
Lovie, J. (2023) · doi:10.32920/23276549 · Cited by 2
Biases in vulture conservation literature in Africa
Daniels, J. K., Tamekloe, S. E., Monney, K. A., & Deikumah, J. P. (2025) · Ostrich · doi:10.2989/00306525.2025.2453675 · Cited by 1
“We used a method of weighted analysis to ensure proportional representation by species in both single-species and multiple-species studies (McRae et al. 2017; Roswell et al. 2021 ).”
The South African Living Planet Index Shows the Value of a Supposedly ‘Uninformative’ Indicator
Buschke, F., & von Staden, L. (2025) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.70014 · Cited by 1
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Authors: McRae, L., Deinet, S., & Freeman, R.
Affiliations: Zoological Society of London (GB)
Corresponding author: McRae, Louise
ORCID: McRae, Louise
Deinet, Stefanie
Freeman, Robin
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2017-01-03
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: e0169156
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169156
PMC: PMC5207715
OpenAlex: W2493835817
Cited by: 236
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 15.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: WWF International
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Keywords: Living Planet Index, biodiversity indicators, taxonomic bias, geographic bias, vertebrates, freshwater biodiversity, marine biodiversity, terrestrial biodiversity, biogeographical realms, data coverage, biodiversity monitoring
MeSH terms: Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Fresh Water, Geography, International Cooperation, Marine Biology, Science, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Vertebrates, Databases, Factual, Ecosystem, Earth, Planet, Biodiversity

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The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator

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