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A systematic review of maternal smoking during pregnancy and fetal measurements with meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to reduced birth weight but the gestation at onset of this relationship is not certain. We present a systematic review of the literature describing associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ultrasound measurements of fetal size, together with an accompanying meta-analysis. METHODS: Studies were selected from electronic databases (OVID, EMBASE and Google Scholar) that examined associations between maternal smoking or smoke exposure and antenatal fetal ultrasound measurements. Outcome measures were first, second or third trimester fetal measurements. RESULTS: There were 284 abstracts identified, 16 papers were included in the review and the meta-analysis included data from eight populations. Maternal smoking was associated with reduced second trimester head size (mean reduction 0.09 standard deviation (SD) [95% CI 0.01, 0.16]) and femur length (0.06 [0.01, 0.10]) and reduced third trimester head size (0.18 SD [0.13, 0.23]), femur length (0.27 SD [0.21, 0.32]) and estimated fetal weight (0.18 SD [0.11, 0.24]). Higher maternal cigarette consumption was associated with a lower z score for head size in the second (mean difference 0.09 SD [0, 0.19]) and third (0.15 SD [0.03, 0.26]) trimesters compared to lower consumption. Fetal measurements were not reduced for those whose mothers quit before or after becoming pregnant compared to mothers who had never smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced fetal measurements after the first trimester, particularly reduced head size and femur length. These effects may be attenuated if mothers quit or reduce cigarette consumption during pregnancy.
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“A previous systematic review showed that cessation of smoking before and shortly after becoming pregnant was not associated with SGA and this suggests that the mechanisms affecting fetal growth predominantly act beyond the first trimester [46].”
From Associations between periconceptional lifestyle behaviours and adverse pregnancy outcomes (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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“A previous systematic review showed that cessation of smoking before and shortly after becoming pregnant was not associated with SGA and this suggests that the mechanisms affecting fetal growth predominantly act beyond the first trimester [46].”
From Associations between periconceptional lifestyle behaviours and adverse pregnancy outcomes (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Abraham, M., Alramadhan, S., Iniguez, C., Duijts, L., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Den Dekker, H. T., Crozier, S., Godfrey, K. M., Hindmarsh, P., Vik, T., Jacobsen, G. W., Hanke, W., Sobala, W., Devereux, G., & Turner, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Turner, Steve
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-02-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0170946
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5322900
- OpenAlex
- W2589713358
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
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- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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- Funders
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- smoking during pregnancy, fetal growth, fetal head circumference, femur length, estimated fetal weight, cigarette consumption, smoking cessation, prenatal tobacco exposure, birth weight
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Head, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Fetal Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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