Severity classification of repeated isoflurane anesthesia in C57BL/6JRj mice-assessing the degree of distress
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According to the EU Directive 2010/63, the severity of a procedure has to be classified as mild, moderate or severe. General anesthesia is thought to be mild, but the Directive does not differentiate between single and repeated anesthesia. Therefore, we investigated the impact of repeated administration of isoflurane, the most commonly used inhalation anesthetic, on the well-being of adult C57BL/6JRj mice, in comparison to single administrations and to untreated animals, when applied six times for 45 min at an interval of 3-4 days. For the animals anesthetized, excitations, phases of anesthesia, and vital parameters were monitored. Well-being after anesthesia was assessed using a behavioral test battery including luxury behavior like burrowing and nest building behavior, the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS), the free exploratory paradigm for anxiety-related behavior, home cage activity and the rotarod test for activity, as well as food intake and body weight. Additionally, hair corticosterone and fecal corticosterone metabolites were measured. Our results show that nest building behavior, home cage activity, body weight, and corticosterone concentrations were not influenced by anesthesia, whereas changes in burrowing behavior, the MGS, food intake, and the free exploratory behavior indicated that the well-being of the mice was more affected by repeated than single isoflurane anesthesia. This effect depended on the sex of the animals, with female mice being more susceptible than male mice. However, repeated isoflurane anesthesia caused only short-term mild distress and impairment of well-being, mainly in the immediate postanesthetic period. Well-being stabilized at 8 days after the last anesthesia, at the latest. Therefore, we conclude that when using our anesthesia protocol, the severity of both single and repeated isoflurane anesthesia in C57BL/6JRj mice can be classified as mild. However, within the mild severity category, repeated isoflurane anesthesia ranks higher than single isoflurane anesthesia. Additionally, our results imply that male and female mice can differently perceive the severity of a procedure.
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Mice repeatedly exposed to 4% isoflurane for 45 min at 3-4 d intervals for 3 weeks did not display significant differences in nest building behavior, home cage activity, body weight, or corticosterone concentrations compared with control mice.
“On the other hand, mice repeatedly exposed to 4% isoflurane for 45 min at 3–4 d intervals for 3 weeks did not display significant differences in terms of nest building behavior, home cage activity, body weight, or corticosterone concentrations when compared with control mice (Hohlbaum et al., 2017).”
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- Authors
- Hohlbaum, K., Bert, B., Dietze, S., Palme, R., Fink, H., & Thöne-Reineke, C.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Hohlbaum, Katharina
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-06-15
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0179588
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5472303
- OpenAlex
- W2625702801
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 26.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
- Funders
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (031A262A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Keywords
- animal welfare, Mouse Grimace Scale, corticosterone, sex differences, nest building behavior, burrowing behavior, anxiety-like behavior, anesthesia recovery
- MeSH terms
- Anesthesia, Inhalation, Animals, Corticosterone, Eating, Female, Isoflurane, Male, Nesting Behavior, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Mice
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