Effects of sex and time of day on metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice.
Abstract
Non-invasive techniques to monitor stress hormones in small animals like mice offer several advantages and are highly demanded in laboratory as well as in field research. Since knowledge about the species-specific metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids is essential to develop such a technique, we conducted radiometabolism studies in mice (Mus musculus f. domesticus, strain C57BL/6J). Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 740 kBq of 3H-labelled corticosterone and all voided urine and fecal samples were collected for five days. In a first experiment 16 animals (eight of each sex) received the injection at 9 a.m., while eight mice (four of each sex) were injected at 9 p.m. in a second experiment. In both experiments radioactive metabolites were recovered predominantly in the feces, although males excreted significantly higher proportions via the feces (about 73%) than females (about 53%). Peak radioactivity in the urine was detected within about 2h after injection, while in the feces peak concentrations were observed later (depending on the time of injection: about 10h postinjection in experiment 1 and about 4h postinjection in experiment 2, thus proving an effect of the time of day). The number and relative abundance of fecal [3H]corticosterone metabolites was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC separations revealed that corticosterone was extensively metabolized mainly to more polar substances. Regarding the types of metabolites…
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The faecal corticosteroid assay utilises an antibody for metabolite fractions containing 5a-pregnane-3b,11b,21-triol-20-one.
“The faecal corticosteroid assay utilises an antibody for metabolite fractions containing 5a-pregnane-3b,11b,21-triol-20-one, first described by Touma et al. (2003).”
From Stage 2 Registered Report: Refinement of tickling protocols to improve positive animal welfare in laboratory rats (2025) · cites this paper as Touma et al. (2003)
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Wielebnowski, N. C., & Watters, J. V. (2007) · Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1560/ijee.53.3.439 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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One size does not fit all: Monitoring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in marsupials
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A Noninvasive Technique to Evaluate Human‐Generated Stress in the Black Grouse
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The Calm Mouse: An Animal Model of Stress Reduction
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Relationships between personality traits and the physiological stress response in a wild mammal
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Effects of stereotypic behaviour and chronic mild stress on judgement bias in laboratory mice
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Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)
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Cho, J., Matsubara, T., Kang, D. W., Ahn, S., Krausz, K. W., Idle, J. R., Luecke, H. F., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m002923 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Touma, C., Sachser, N., Möstl, E., & Palme, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Touma, Chadi
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 267-278
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011027148
- Cited by
- 581
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- corticosterone metabolism, glucocorticoid metabolites, sex differences, circadian rhythm, time of day, fecal corticosterone, adrenocortical function, enzyme immunoassay, radiometabolism, mice, C57BL/6J mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Circadian Rhythm, Corticosterone, Feces, Female, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Kinetics, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Reference Values, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Time Factors, Tritium, Mice
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