CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 124Antibiotic Use and ResistancePharmacy and Medical PracticesPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prescription and non-prescription antibiotic dispensing practices in part I and part II pharmacies in Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania: A simulated clients approach

Open access
Horumpende, Pius G., Sonda, Tolbert B., van Zwetselaar, Marco, Antony, Magreth L., Tenu, Filemon F., Mwanziva, Charles E., Shao, Elichilia R., Mshana, Stephen E., Mmbaga, Blandina T., Chilongola, Jaffu O.·2018·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0207465PMC PMC6248976
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Antibiotic dispensing without a prescription poses a threat to public health as it leads to excessive antibiotic consumption. Inappropriate antibiotic availability to the community has been documented to be amongst drivers of antimicrobial resistance emergence. Community pharmacies are a source of antibiotics in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed at assessing antibiotic dispensing practices by community pharmacy retailers in Moshi urban, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and recommend interventions to improve practice. Using a Simulated Client (SC) Method, an observational cross-sectional survey of antibiotic dispensing practices was conducted from 10th June to 10th July 2017. Data analysis was done using Stata 13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). A total of 82 pharmacies were visited. Part I pharmacies were 26 (31.71%) and 56 (68.29%) were part II. Overall 92.3% (95% CI 77.8-97.6) of retailers dispensed antibiotics without prescriptions. The antibiotics most commonly dispensed without a prescription were ampiclox for cough (3 encounters) and azithromycin for painful urination (3 encounters). An oral third generation cephalosporin (cefixime) was dispensed once for painful urination without prescription by a part I pharmacy retailer. Out of 21, 15(71.43%) prescriptions with incomplete doses were accepted and had antibiotics dispensed. Out of 68, 4(5.9%) retailers gave instructions for medicine use voluntarily. None of the retailers voluntarily explained drug side-effects. In Moshi pharmacies, a high proportion of antibiotics are sold and dispensed without prescriptions. Instructions for medicine use are rarely given and none of the retailers explain side effects. These findings support the need for a legislative enforcement of prescription-only antibiotic dispensing rules and regulations. Initiation of clinician and community antibiotic stewardship and educational programs on proper antibiotic use to both pharmacists and public by the regulatory bodies are highly needed.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0207465

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 60 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. E Gebeyehu, 2015, Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Its Associated Factors among Urban and Rural Communities of Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia, PLoS One, 10, e0138179, 10.1371/journal.pone.0138179 · DOI
  2. GAB Kagashe, 2011, An assessment of dispensing practices in private pharmacies in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Int J Pharm Pract, 19, 30, 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2010.00075.x · DOI
  3. A Dillip, 2015, What motivates antibiotic dispensing in accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania? A qualitative study, Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. BioMed Central, 4, 30, 10.1186/s13756-015-0073-4 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–124 of 124

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Horumpende, P. G., Sonda, T. B., van Zwetselaar, M., Antony, M. L., Tenu, F. F., Mwanziva, C. E., Shao, E. R., Mshana, S. E., Mmbaga, B. T., & Chilongola, J. O.
Affiliations
  • Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (TZ)
  • Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (TZ)
Corresponding author
  • Horumpende, Pius G.
  • Sonda, Tolbert B.
  • Antony, Magreth L.
  • Mwanziva, Charles E.
  • Shao, Elichilia R.
  • Mshana, Stephen E.
  • Mmbaga, Blandina T.
  • Chilongola, Jaffu O.
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2018-11-21
Volume
13
Issue
11
Pages
e0207465
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0207465
PMC
PMC6248976
OpenAlex
W2901854350
Cited by
124
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 4
FWCI
8.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords
community pharmacy, antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic stewardship, incomplete prescriptions, medication instructions, simulated clients, Moshi Municipality, Tanzania
MeSH terms
Anti-Bacterial Agents, Community Pharmacy Services, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Pharmacists, Drug Prescriptions, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tanzania, Azithromycin, Cefixime, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review