Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental illness: Results from a national Lebanese study

Abi Doumit, Carla; Haddad, Chadia; Sacre, Hala; Salameh, Pascale; Akel, Marwan; Obeid, Sahar; Akiki, Maria; Mattar, Elie; Hilal, Najla; Hallit, Souheil; Soufia, Michel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222172

Cited by 131Mental Health Treatment and AccessPsychology and Mental HealthGender Roles and Identity Studies

Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental illness: Results from a national Lebanese study

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Abi Doumit, Carla, Haddad, Chadia, Sacre, Hala, Salameh, Pascale, Akel, Marwan, Obeid, Sahar, Akiki, Maria, Mattar, Elie +3 more·2019·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0222172PMC PMC6746362

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Patients with mental health disorders often have to endure the burdens of the condition itself and the stigma that follows. Since no study has been conducted in Lebanon on this topic, our objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards public stigma of mental health diseases, among a sample of the Lebanese population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2017 and May 2018, enrolled 2289 participants. The Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), the Community Attitudes toward Mental Illness (CAMI) and the Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS) were used to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviors toward mental illness respectively. The 25th, 50th and 75th percentile of the MAKS, CAMI and RIBS scales scores were considered as cutoff points for low, medium and high scores respectively. RESULTS: A high knowledge score was found in 33.0% of the participants, whereas a high attitude score and a higher behavior score were found in 32.2% and 26.9% of the participants respectively. Living in North Lebanon (Beta = 1.331) and being familiar with a non-close person with mental illness (Beta = 0.811) were associated with higher knowledge of mental illness (higher MAKS score), whereas living in Bekaa (Beta = -8.693) and being 70 years old and above (Beta = -5.060) were associated with lower knowledge toward mental illness (lower MAKS score). Higher knowledge of mental illness (higher MAKS score) (Beta = 0.670), having a high level of education (university (Beta = 8.785), secondary (Beta = 6.084) and technical (Beta = 5.677)) were associated with less stigmatizing attitudes (higher CAMI scale). Being familiar with close people with mental illness (Beta = 0.577), less stigmatizing attitudes (higher CAMI scale) (Beta = 0.077) and higher knowledge of mental illness (higher MAKS score) (Beta = 0.115) were associated with higher favorable behaviors (higher RIBS score), whereas knowing a non-close person who have a mental illness (Beta = -0.720) was associated with lower favorable behaviors (lower RIBS score). CONCLUSION: A mass media awareness campaigns that could transmit health messages to a wide public audience in the country to fight stigma toward mental illness, seems warranted.

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Greater literacy and diminished stigma are associated with a positive help-seeking attitude.
“and a positive help-seeking attitude. 48”
From Technology-Based Interventions to Improve Help-Seeking for Mental Health Concerns: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [48]

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Mental health awareness of secondary schools students: Mediating roles of knowledge on mental health, knowledge on professional help, and attitude towards mental health
Lee, J. E., Goh, M. L., & Yeo, S. F. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14512 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
University students’ intentions to seek psychological counseling, attitudes toward seeking psychological help, and stigma
El-Hachem, S. S., Lakkis, N. A., Osman, M. H., Issa, H. G., & Beshara, R. Y. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02470-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Psychological distress experienced by physicians and nurses at a tertiary care center in Lebanon during the COVID-19 outbreak
Bizri, M., Kassir, G., Tamim, H., Kobeissy, F. H., & Hayek, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105321991630 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Depression Among Male and Female, Medical and Non-medical Major College Students
He, H., Wu, Q., Hao, Y., Chen, S., Liu, T., & Liao, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648059 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Religiosity and stigma toward patients with mental illness among undergraduate university students
Al‐Natour, A., Abuhammad, S., & Al-Modallal, H. M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06565 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The state of psychiatric research in the Asia Pacific region
Roche, G. C., Fung, P., Ransing, R. S., Noor, I. M., Shalbafan, M., Hayek, S. E., Koh, E. B. Y., Gupta, A. K., & Kudva, K. G. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12432 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mental illness stigma and associated factors among Arabic-speaking refugee and migrant populations in Australia
Chimoriya, R., Mohammad, Y., Thomson, R. J., Webster, C., Dunne, R., Aibangbee, M., Ip, D., & Slewa‐Younan, S. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-023-00580-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cultural stigma, psychological distress and help-seeking: Moderating role of self-esteem and self-stigma in Lebanon
Khoury-Malhame, M. E., Sawma, T., Hallit, S. R., Younis, C. J., Jaber, J., & Doumit, R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315063 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Mental Illness Stigma and Associated Factors among Arabic-Speaking Religious and Community Leaders
Krstanoska-Blazeska, K., Thomson, R. J., & Slewa‐Younan, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157991 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Public awareness, beliefs and attitude towards depressive disorders in Saudi Arabia
Aljadani, A., Alshammari, S. N., Alshammari, K. A., Althagafi, A. A., & AlHarbi, M. M. (2021) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.10.20210425 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The role of community pharmacists in depression management: a survey of attitudes, practices and perceived barriers
Shami, R., Alam, M. F., & Hajj, M. S. E. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-021-01337-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mental Health Literacy, Stigma, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among Black Male College Students in Historically Black Universities
Gere, B., & Salimi, N. (2025) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883251318214 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
From Interaction to Attitude: Exploring the Impact of Human-AI Cooperation on Mental Illness Stigma
Song, T., Jamieson, J., Zhu, T., Yamashita, N., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3710987 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Association of mental health help-seeking with mental health-related knowledge and stigma in Japan Rugby Top League players
Ojio, Y., Matsunaga, A., Yamaguchi, S., Hatakeyama, K., Kawamura, S., Yoshitani, G., Horiguchi, M., Nakajima, S., Kanie, A., Horikoshi, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256125 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Impact of spirituality and religiosity on suicidal risk among a sample of lebanese psychiatric in-patients
Kassem, M., Haddad, C., Hallit, S. R., & Kazour, F. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1787453 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Knowledge, attitude, and its correlates of the community toward mental illness in Mattu, South West Ethiopia
Hajure, M., Debele, G. R., Gezimu, W., Nigatu, D., Mohammedhussein, M., Mamo, A., Dule, A., Ahmed, M. H., & Jemal, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1018440 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Association between perfectionism and life satisfaction among a sample of the Lebanese population: The indirect role of social phobia and validation of the Arabic version of the Social Phobia Inventory
Sfeir, M., Saliba, G., Akel, M., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2022) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13087 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Predictors of Mental Health Literacy among Parents, Guardians, and Teachers of Adolescents in West Malaysia
Phoa, P. K. A., Razak, A. A., Kuay, H. S., Ghazali, A. K., Rahman, A. A., Husain, M., Bakar, R. S., & Gani, F. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010825 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mental health literacy and stigma towards patients with mental health disorders among pharmacists in the MENA region
Batarseh, Y. S., Abukhalaf, M., Fakhoury, R., Alfalah, L., & Wazaify, M. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research · doi:10.1093/jphsr/rmac017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Validating measures of stigma against those with mental illness among a community sample in Kilifi Kenya
Bitta, M. A., Baariu, J. K., Fondo, E., Kariuki, S. M., Lennox, B., & Newton, C. R. J. C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.26 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Malay Literacy of Suicide Scale: A Rasch Model Validation and Its Correlation with Mental Health Literacy among Malaysian Parents, Caregivers and Teachers
Phoa, P. K. A., Razak, A. A., Kuay, H. S., Ghazali, A. K., Rahman, A. A., Husain, M., Bakar, R. S., & Gani, F. A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10071304 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking behaviour for mental illness in a Christian community
Hlongwane, N., & Juby, V. M. (2023) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2139 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Jinka University Students About Yellow Fever, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Endale, A., Medhin, G., Hilo, A. A., Abegaz, W. E., & Legesse, M. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s250930 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
COVID-19 lockdown and mental health: Exploring triggers of mental health distress among women in the Copperbelt province, Zambia
Nyashanu, M., Karonga, T., North, G., Mguni, M., & Nyashanu, W. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2021.1984127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Knowledge and attitude of health extension workers regarding mental health problems in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Tesfaye, Y., Birhanu, Z., Agenagnew, L., Anand, S., Yitbarek, K., Ahmed, G., Getnet, M., & Tucho, G. T. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048381 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Arabic validation of the “Mental Health Knowledge Schedule” and the “Reported and Intended Behavior Scale”
Amor, M. B., Zgueb, Y., Bouguira, E., Metsahel, A., Aissa, A., Thonicroft, G., & Ouali, U. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1241611 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stigma Towards Mental Illness at an Academic Tertiary Care Center in Lebanon
Hayek, S. E., Cherro, M., Alayli, A. E., Hayek, R. E., & Ghossoub, E. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01511-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effects of Rehabilitation Models on Self-Stigma among Persons with Mental Illness
Lin, Y., Lin, M., Huang, Y., Ma, W., Yen, W., & Lee, S.-K. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020213 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mental health literacy: a comparative study on stigmatizing attitude and help-seeking behavior towards mental disorders between adolescents and adults
Goda, A. M. I., Elhamid, S. A. A., & Wassif, G. O. (2025) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.1186/s42506-025-00184-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-diagnose is associated with knowledge and attitude towards mental illness of university students in Indonesia
Ismail, N. A., Kusumaningtyas, I., & Firngadi, M. S. K. (2023) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00760-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The potential of telemental health in improving access to mental health services in Lebanon: Analysis of barriers, opportunities, and recommendations
Naal, H., Mahmoud, H., & Whaibeh, E. R. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2020.1863743 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Building Educators’ Skills in Adolescent Mental Health Training Program for Secondary School Educators: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Parker, B., Chakouch, C., Subotic-Kerry, M., Batterham, P. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Newby, J. M., Whitton, A. E., McGoldrick, J., Cockayne, N. L., & O’Dea, B. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/25870 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mental Stigma Among Al-Ahsa Population in Saudi Arabia
Alamer, M., Alsaad, A. J., Al-Ghareeb, M., Almomatten, A. M., Alaethan, M., & Alameer, M. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.19710 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mental illness and the Lebanese criminal justice system: Practices and challenges
Ghossoub, E., & Felthous, A. R. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101604 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stigmatization and Self-Perception regarding issues related to Mental Health: A qualitative survey from a lower and middle-income country
Khan, S., & Irfan, M. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.39.5.7487 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Supporting employers and their employees with mental hEalth conditions to remain eNgaged and producTive at wORk (MENTOR): A feasibility randomised controlled trial
Prudenzi, A., Gill, K., MacArthur, M., Hastings, O., Moukhtarian, T. R., Jadhakhan, F., Patel, K., Kershaw, C., Norton-Brown, E., Johnston, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.100720 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mental health literacy and associated factors among traditional healers of Jimma town, southwest, Ethiopia 2020: a community based, cross-sectional study
Mideksa, G., Tesfaye, E., Yitayih, Y., Sime, Y., Aliye, K., & Gizaw, A. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1304454 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mental Health Literacy and Attitudes Towards Mental Health Problems Among College Students, Nepal
Poudel, D. B., Sharif, L., Acharya, S., Mahsoon, A. N., Sharif, K., & Wright, R. J. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121189 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Validation of the Portuguese version of community attitudes toward people with mental illness (CAMI)
Lopes, I. S., de Almeida, R. S., Marques, A. J., Curral, R., & de Sousa, S. (2022) · Porto Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000175 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Development, Validation, and Utilization of a Social Media Use and Mental Health Questionnaire among Middle Eastern and Western Adults: A Pilot Study from the UAE
Hegazi, O. E., Alalalmeh, S. O., Alfaresi, A., Dashtinezhad, S., Bahada, A., Shahwan, M. J., Jairoun, A. A., Babalola, T. K., & Yasin, H. K. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316063 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Changing Attitudes About Mental Health Stigma in Israel During the COVID-19 Period: A Potential Positive Effect of the Pandemic
Shapiro, E., Al‐Krenawi, A., Zukerman, G., Melamed, M., Shtibi, C. D., & Korn, L. (2024) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/21568693241276535 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mental Health and Chemical Dependency Counselors’ Stigma Toward Clients with Substance Use Disorders: Predictors of Stigma and Implications for Clinicians and Educators
Ricciutti, N. M. (2023) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2023.2246405 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluation of belief and attitudes towards stigma of nurses/physician, patients and patients’ relatives in psychiatric clinics (tur)
Ercan, F., Karakaş, M., Gürhan, N., DEMİRCAN, Ü., & Haydar Mehmet, K. A. Y. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2021.82653 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The efficacy of homestyle rehabilitation on negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial
Chai, J., Liu, F., Liu, L., Hu, N., Huang, W., Wang, H., Cui, Y., Liu, H., Li, X., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1138794 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Association between alexithymia, emotional intelligence, smoking addiction, and alcohol use disorder among a sample of Lebanese adults
Youssef, L., Salameh, P., Sacre, H., Akel, M., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295114 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Stigma for mental disorders among the elderly population in a rural setting
Mehra, A., Singla, H., Grover, S., & Avasthi, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_124_19 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Social Stigma Toward Individuals with Schizophrenia in a Lebanese Population
Tantawi, S. A., Kamaleddine, A. N., Alhajj, L. A., Naous, S. M., Kamaleddine, N. N., Chung, S., & Joo, S. W. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s450385 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Attitudes Towards Psychiatry in Lebanese Medical Students: What Are the Factors that Could Lead to a More Favorable Outlook?
Hage, S. E., Daou, L., Sayde, G., Daaboul, M., Hallit, S. R., & Salameh, P. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01466-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Healthcare Workers regarding Depression Care in Two Medium‐Sized Hospitals in Kenya
Muriuki, M. M., Mwangi, P. K., Osoro, E. K., & Miima, M. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/4756962 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Attitude towards mental illness and seeking professional help among pharmacy students in Yemen
Anaam, M. S. (2023) · Pharmacy Education · doi:10.46542/pe.2023.231.7888 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychometric validation of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS) in Hungary with a particular focus on ‘Don’t know’ responses and further scoring recommendations
Őri, D., Vass, E., Vajsz, K., Vincze, K., Sztancsik, V., Szemán-Nagy, A., & Simon, L. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16707-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Attitude Towards the Mentally Ill Among Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) Workers in the Ahmedabad City of Gujarat
Patel, H. V., Ilasariya, K. J., Vora, V. N., & Lakdawala, B. M. (2023) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176231163744 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mental Health Service Use Among Middle Eastern Migrant Women
Baltimore, K., & Kim, W. (2024) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/27061 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining the effects of mental health literacy on stigma: study of Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Service (ZPCS)
Chiobvu, D., Onifade, H., Javangwe, G., & Sami, M. B. (2025) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/bji.2025.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Quantitative Comparison of Mental Health Stigma Across Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X in Davao del Sur
Camarillo, J. M. R., Betonio, K. M. M., Ortega, P. G. F., & Culajara, C. L. B. (2025) · Sinergi International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.61194/psychology.v3i3.799 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Public knowledge, stigma, and social acceptance toward mental illness in the Gulf region: a cross-sectional survey
Alhamad, H., Alsiri, N., Alshehab, M., Alenezi, M., & Alqallaf, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1860027 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessment of Physicians' Attitude Towards Mental Illness and Integrating Mental Health in Primary Health Care in Fayoum, Egypt
Hamed, N. S., Wahed, W. Y. A., & Mabrouk, S. E. M. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2022.271911 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Religious hallucinations in Lebanese patients with schizophrenia and their association with religious coping
Fares, R., Rabil, J.-M., Haddad, C., Helwe, S., Khalil, J., Halabi, C. K. A., Antoun, T. G. A., Haddad, G., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-023-06296-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Supporting employers and their employees with Mental hEalth problems to remain eNgaged and producTive at wORk (MENTOR): A feasibility randomised controlled trial protocol
Prudenzi, A., Jadhakhan, F., Gill, K., MacArthur, M., Patel, K., Moukhtarian, T. R., Kershaw, C., Norton-Brown, E., Johnston, N., Daly, G. B. J., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283598 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quality of life for people with psychiatric disabilities employed in extended employment programs in two Arab towns in Israel: an exploratory study
Badran, L., Rosenbaum, S. A., & Rimmerman, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1307726 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stigma on Mental Illness among Nurses
Seman, N., Asmala, A. F., Zuki, N. M. M., & Dewi, I. P. (2024) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v9i27.5711 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of an intervention program to improve mental health and epilepsy care in Madagascar
Mioramalala, S. A., Mroueh, L., Bruand, P., Raharinivo, M. M., Rafanomezantsoa, R. M., Gérard, D., Ratsimbasoa, A. C., Preux, P., & Boumédiène, F. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152484 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patient and staff perception of aggression and its management in a Lebanese psychiatric hospital: a cross-sectional study
Zeid, L. A., Haddad, C., Hallit, S. R., & Haddad, G. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00178-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Attitudes of Christian leaders and congregants in South Africa towards mental illness and the mentally ill
Dlamini, Z. T., Poliah, V., & Govender, N. (2025) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v31i0.2399 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mental health literacy of the Lebanese population (MHeLLP): a cross-sectional study
Taleb, R., Kassab, N., Kebbe, A. I., & Kreidieh, N. (2020) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-04-2020-0031 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS MENTAL ILLNESS: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE
Tumin, M., Rahman, M. M., & Jantan, Z. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine · doi:10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.1032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors affecting the belief towards mental illness and social distance in secondary education teachers (tur)
Arslantaş, H., Abacıgil, F., Yüksel, R., Adana, F., Sarı, E., Yeşilfidan, D., & Turan, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2021.43760 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Online Psychological Care and Psychotherapy: Reality, Evidence, and Indicators
Rudwan, S. J. (2023) · International Journal for Scientific Research · doi:10.59992/ijsr.2023.v2n11p4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Validation of the AUDIT Scale and Factors Associated with Alcohol Use Disorder in Adolescents: Results of a National Lebanese StudyPreprint
Hallit, J., Salameh, P., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Soufia, M., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, R. R., & Hallit, S. R. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.22160/v2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Lyrical Trends: An Analysis of Music’s (Mis) Use of Vertigo
Jiam, N. T., Chern, A., Watson, J., & Naples, J. G. (2023) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000003912 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Knowledge and attitude toward depression among healthcare professionals working in Ilu Aba Bor zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, 2021: a cross sectional study
Alemayehu, Y., Girma, M., Bacha, L., Boka, K., & Tarafa, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1059698 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Knowledge and Attitudes towards Person with Mental Illness: A Cross-Sectional Study among Community in Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
Sambanthan, Y., Sulaiman, N. A. S., & Mamat, M. N. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i12/20322 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring dual diagnosis: Examining professional’s knowledge, attitudes, and training on intellectual disability and psychiatric disorder
Ojha, V., Bhatt, M., Singh, R., Pallavi, P., & Goyal, B. (2024) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2023ss050 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Practices, attitudes, and perceived barriers toward depression care among community pharmacists in Lebanon
Fahs, I., Dabbous, M., Ezzeddine, F., Nasser, S., Alwattar, J. K., Safwan, J., Sakr, F., & Rahal, M. K. (2025) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036251349641 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attitude toward mental illness among a sample of medical students and non-psychiatric doctors at Badr University, Egypt
Sabry, W., Fathy, A., Attya, N., Ahmed, H., Al-adl, F., Abdelbaset, S., Hamdy, B., Awad, K., Yacoub, P., Nasser, A., et al. (2025) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-025-00550-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring mental health literacy and barriers to seeking counselling among university students in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study
Younes, S., Ayoub, D., Baalbaki, R., Slim, A., Yassine, L., Abdelghani, N., Rahal, M. K., & Mourad, N. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098579 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mediating effect of food disgust between depression/anxiety and avoidant restrictive eating
Chammas, G., Hallit, S. R., Nader, L. A., Chammas, M., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Obeïd, S., & Haddad, G. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01430-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Understanding stigma among healthcare providers in China: how familiarity and professional roles interact through mental health knowledge
Wang, X., Gu, L., Ju, L., Jin, X., Chen, X., Na, X., Tian, D., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2025.2607989 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rehabilitation through a cultural lens: the experience of culturally and linguistically diverse traumatic brain injury survivors in Australia
Nalaye, H., Downing, M. G., & Ponsford, J. L. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2646725 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
STAVOVI PREMA OSOBAMA S POTEŠKOĆAMA MENTALNOG ZDRAVLJA
Petak, A., Narić, S., & Matković, R. (2021) · Annual of Social Work · doi:10.3935/ljsr.v28i1.391 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mental Health Promotion for Refugees and Other Culturally and/or Linguistically Diverse Migrant Populations
Slewa‐Younan, S., & Armstrong, G. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-4713-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Knowledge, attitude and behaviour of undergraduate medical students towards mentally Ill patients-Suez Canal University, Egypt
Dahshan, I., Saad Menna, M., Shora, H., Hanan, A., Awad Mohamed, M., Ibrahim, O., & Mohamed, E.-W. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders · doi:10.29328/journal.jnnd.1001066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stigma Orang dengan Gangguan Jiwa di Program Desa Siaga Sehat Jiwa
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Stigma Towards Mental Illness at an Academic Tertiary Care Center in Lebanon
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Authors: Abi Doumit, C., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Salameh, P., Akel, M., Obeid, S., Akiki, M., Mattar, E., Hilal, N., Hallit, S., & Soufia, M.
Affiliations: Hôpital Psychiatrique de la Croix (LB)
Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (LB)
Lebanese University (LB)
Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (LB)
Corresponding author: Hallit, Souheil
Soufia, Michel
ORCID: Haddad, Chadia
Sacre, Hala
Salameh, Pascale
Akel, Marwan
Akiki, Maria
Hallit, Souheil
Soufia, Michel
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2019-09-16
Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: e0222172
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222172
PMC: PMC6746362
OpenAlex: W2974616818
Cited by: 131
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 17.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords: public stigma, mental illness, mental health knowledge, attitudes toward mental illness, Lebanon, mental health awareness, educational attainment, North Lebanon, older adults, stigma reduction interventions, mental health policy
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Lebanon, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stereotyping

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Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental illness: Results from a national Lebanese study

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