Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting

Melki, I S; Beydoun, H A; Khogali, M; Tamim, H; Yunis, K A

doi:10.1136/jech.2003.012690

Cited by 387Reproductive Health and ContraceptionDemographic Trends and Gender PreferencesFamily Dynamics and Relationships

Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting

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Melki, I S, Beydoun, H A, Khogali, M, Tamim, H, Yunis, K A·2004·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

DOI 10.1136/jech.2003.012690PMC PMC1732777

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Abstract

Objectives: This paper examines the effect of household crowding on inter-pregnancy spacing and its association with socioeconomic indicators, among parous mothers delivered in an urban environment. Design: Cross sectional survey. Methods: Sociodemographic data were obtained on 2466 parous women delivering at eight hospitals in Greater Beirut over a one year period. Statistical methodology comprised Pearson χ 2 test and logistic regression analysis. Main results: A significant inverse relation was observed between household crowding and socioeconomic status, defined as education and occupation of women and their spouses. Inter-pregnancy spacing increased with higher levels of crowding. Further analysis suggested that this positive association was confounded by maternal demographic characteristics. Conclusions: These data have shown that household crowding, a correlate of low parental socioeconomic status, is associated with longer birth intervals. This association, however, seems to be largely explained by maternal age and parity.

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In the Arabic validation study, McDonald's ω values for the ZTPI subscales were: past negative 0.84, past positive 0.66, present fatalistic 0.43, present hedonistic 0.61, and future focused 0.71.
“In the Arabic validation study [46], McDonald’s ω values were as follows: past negative (ω = 0.84), past positive (ω = 0.66), present fatalistic (ω = 0.43), present hedonistic (ω = 0.61) and future focused (ω = 0.71) subscales.”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
The Statistical analysis and Multivariate analysis sections address household crowding and inter-pregnancy spacing, not validation of the Arabic ZTPI. Searches for McDonald’s ω, the ZTPI subscales, and the five reported values found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Short Form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - Arabic Version (ZTPI-15-Ar) was validated in a separate publication.
“This version of the ZTPI was validated in a separate publication [46].”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
The Multivariate analysis and Discussion passages address household crowding and inter-pregnancy spacing, not validation of a time-perspective inventory. Searches for ZTPI-15-Ar and for Arabic time-perspective scale validation found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Influential
Geographical variation and the determinants of domestic endotoxin levels in mattress dust in Europe
Chen, C., Thiering, E., Doekes, G., Zock, J.-P., Bakolis, I., Norbäck, D., Sunyer, J., Villani, S., Verlato, G., Täubel, M., et al. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00740.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In addition, participants were asked about the number of people living in the home (household crowding index) (Melki et al., 2004), age of the mattress, frequency of vacuuming the bedroom floor and the mattress, and their educational level.”
Background
Developing a socioeconomic index for health research in Iraq
Omer, W., & Al-Hadithi, T. S. A. (2017) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2017.23.10.670 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Validation of the AUDIT scale and factors associated with alcohol use disorder in adolescents: results of a National Lebanese Study
Hallit, J., Salameh, P., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Soufia, M., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, R. R., & Hallit, S. R. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02116-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Phubbing among Lebanese young adults: Scale validation and association with mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress)
Bitar, Z., Akel, M., Salameh, P., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03104-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The household crowding index (HCI) was determined by the division of the number of individuals in the house by the total of house rooms (except bathrooms and kitchen); increased HCI is associated with less socioeconomic status (Melki, 2004).”
Method
Validation of a shortened version of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-7) in the Arabic language
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Obeïd, S., Malaeb, D. N., Hallit, R. R., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00651-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The Household Crowding Index (HCI), reflecting the socioeconomic status of the family [36], is the ratio of the number of persons living in the house over the number of rooms in it (excluding the kitchen and the bathrooms).”
Background
Sex disparities in dietary intake across the lifespan: the case of Lebanon
Nasreddine, L., Chamieh, M. C., Ayoub, J. J., Hwalla, N. C., Sibai, A. M., & Naja, F. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00543-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Factors of body dissatisfaction among lebanese adolescents: the indirect effect of self-esteem between mental health and body dissatisfaction
Al-Musharaf, S., Rogoza, R., Mhanna, M., Soufia, M., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03373-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Abbreviations BD: Body dissatisfaction; BMI: body mass index; HCI: household crowding index; SES: socioeconomic status; RSES: Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale; HAM‑”
MethodInfluential
A Lebanese dietary pattern promotes better diet quality among older adults: findings from a national cross-sectional study
Jomaa, L. H., Hwalla, N., Itani, L., Chamieh, M., Mehio-Sibai, A., & Naja, F. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0258-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In addition, higher crowding index, indicative of lower SES, and smoking were found to be negatively associated with the Lebanese pattern.”
Identification of dietary patterns associated with elevated blood pressure among Lebanese men: A comparison of principal component analysis with reduced rank regression and partial least square methods
Naja, F., Itani, L., Hwalla, N. C., Sibai, A. M., & Kharroubi, S. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220942 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Association between parental separation and addictions in adolescents: results of a National Lebanese Study
Jabbour, N., Rached, V. A., Haddad, C., Salameh, P., Sacre, H., Hallit, R. R., Soufia, M., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09108-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Comparing depression screening tools (CESD-10, EPDS, PHQ-9, and PHQ-2) for diagnostic performance and epidemiologic associations among postpartum Kenyan women: Implications for research and practice
Larsen, A., Pintye, J. C., Odhiambo, B. O., Ngumbau, N. M., Marwa, M. M., Watoyi, S., Kinuthia, J., Abuna, F., Gómez, L., Dettinger, J. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.101 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Differences in Dietary Intakes among Lebanese Adults over a Decade: Results from Two National Surveys 1997–2008/2009
Nasreddine, L., Ayoub, J. J., Hachem, F., Tabbara, J., Sibai, A. M., Hwalla, N. C., & Naja, F. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081738 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Several epidemiological studies have correlated a high household crowding index with low socioeconomic status [18,19].”
Association of Social Media Use Disorder and Orthorexia Nervosa Among Lebanese University Students: The Indirect Effect of Loneliness and Factor Structure of the Social Media Use Disorder Short Form and the Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scales
Awad, E., Rogoza, R., Gerges, S., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221132985 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The higher the household crowding index, the lower the socioeconomic status of the family (Melki et al., 2004).”
Background
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10), the 8- and 10-item post-traumatic growth inventory-short form (PTGI-SF) scales
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Fawaz, M. A., Hallit, R. R., Sawma, T., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293079 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Food insecurity is associated with lower adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern among Lebanese adolescents: a cross-sectional national study
Naja, F., Itani, L., Kharroubi, S. A., Diab-El-Harake, M., Hwalla, N. C., & Jomaa, L. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02166-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mental Health Literacy and Mental Health Information-Seeking Behavior in Iranian University Students
Mahmoodi, S. M. H., Ahmadzad-Asl, M., Eslami, M., Abdi, M., Kahnamoui, Y. H., & Rasoulian, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893534 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Higher numbers and especially numbers above 2 are correlated to lower socioeconomic and worse health status (23).”
Background
Research in action: mammography utilization following breast cancer awareness campaigns in Lebanon 2002-05
Adib, S. M., Sabbah, M. A., Hlais, S., & Hanna, P. (2009) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2009.15.1.6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The proportion of working women rose to 26%, which may have improved the median crowding index, which fell to 1.2, indicating better SES.”
Influential
Voices of the vulnerable: Exploring the livelihood strategies, coping mechanisms and their impact on food insecurity, health and access to health care among Syrian refugees in the Beqaa region of Lebanon
Nabulsi, D., Ismail, H. M., Hassan, F. A., Sacca, L., Honein-AbouHaidar, G. N., & Jomaa, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242421 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Ukraine–Russia War Is Deepening Food Insecurity, Unhealthy Dietary Patterns and the Lack of Dietary Diversity in Lebanon: Prevalence, Correlates and Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Study
Yazbeck, N., Mansour, R., Salame, H., Chahine, N. B., & Hoteit, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173504 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The latter w s ca culat d as the total numb r of household members (excluding infants) divided by th total number of rooms in a household (excluding kitchens and bathrooms) [12].”
BackgroundMethod
A Measure to Target Antipoverty Policies in the European Union Regions
Annoni, P., & Węziak‐Białowolska, D. (2014) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-014-9361-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“a Some previous analyses show that values of the crowding index higher than 2 are associated to critically low socioeconomic status (Melki et al. 2004) 188 P.”
Background
Spatiotemporal overlapping of dengue, chikungunya, and malaria infections in children in Kenya
Khan, A., Bisanzio, D., Mutuku, F. M., Ndenga, B. A., Grossi-Soyster, E. N., Jembe, Z., Maina, P., Chebii, P. K., Ronga, C. O., Okuta, V., et al. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08157-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Household crowding index A household crowding index (HCI) was calculated per each household [32].”
Method
Domestic violence against women as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders: findings from domestic violence household survey in Tehran, Iran
Ahmadzad-Asl, M., Davoudi, F., Zarei, N., Mohammad-Sadeghi, H., & Rasoulian, M. (2016) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0626-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Problematic smartphone use and affective temperaments among Lebanese young adults: scale validation and mediating role of self-esteem
Zeidan, J., Hallit, S. R., Akel, M., Louragli, I., & Obeïd, S. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00638-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The latter was calculated by dividing the number of persons in the house by the number of rooms in the house (excluding the bathrooms and kitchen); higher scores reflect lower socioeconomic status [64].”
Method
Is cyberbullying perpetration associated with anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation among lebanese adolescents? Results from a cross-sectional study
Bitar, Z., Elias, M.-B., Malaeb, D. N., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01091-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The latter reflects the socio-economic status of the family and was calculated by dividing the number of people by the number of rooms in the house, except the bathrooms and the kitchen [20].”
Erosion of the Mediterranean diet among adolescents: evidence from an Eastern Mediterranean Country
Naja, F., Hwalla, N. C., Hachem, F., Abbas, N., Chokor, F. A. Z., Kharroubi, S. A., Chamieh, M. C., Jomaa, L., & Nasreddine, L. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520002731 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Phubbing and temperaments among young Lebanese adults: the mediating effect of self-esteem and emotional intelligence
Bitar, Z., Hallit, S. R., Khansa, W., & Obeïd, S. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00594-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Validation of the Arabic version of the Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS) among Lebanese adolescents
Rogoza, R., Hallit, S. R., Soufia, M., Barthels, F., & Obeïd, S. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00488-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Abbreviations DOS: Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale; ON: Orthorexia Nervosa; ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision; EHQ: Eating Habits Questionnaire; SES: Socio-economic status; BMI: Body Mass Index; HCI: Household Crowding Index; TOS: Teruel Orthorexia Scale; TOS HeOr: TOS Healthy Orthorexia;…”
Method
Cyberchondria severity and quality of life among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, stress and obsessive–compulsive behavior—a structural equation model approach
Rahme, C., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00674-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The household crowding index was calculated by dividing the number of persons living in the house and the number of rooms in the house, excluding the bathroom and the kitchen [24].”
Method
The social context of tobacco products use among adolescents in Lebanon (MedSPAD-Lebanon)
Bejjani, N., Bcheraoui, C. E., & Adib, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2012.02.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Based on the crowding index [13], the sample indicated a socio-economic status (SES) slightly skewed toward less afﬂuent levels.”
Attachment styles and their association with aggression, hostility, and anger in Lebanese adolescents: a national study
Maalouf, E., Salameh, P., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00813-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The household crowding index was calculated by dividing the number of persons living in the house and the number of rooms in the house, excluding the bathroom and the kitchen [47].”
Method
Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obesity Is Associated with Higher Adherence to a Traditional Dietary Pattern: A Cross-Sectional Study among Adults in Lebanon
Matta, J., Nasreddine, L., Jomaa, L., Hwalla, N. C., Sibai, A. M., Czernichow, S., Itani, L., & Naja, F. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8070432 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This finding was further validated in the Lebanese context [31].”
Result
Trajectories and predictors of perinatal depressive symptoms among Kenyan women: a prospective cohort study
Larsen, A., Pintye, J. C., Marwa, M. M., Watoyi, S., Kinuthia, J., Abuna, F., Richardson, B. A., Gómez, L., Dettinger, J. C., & John-Stewart, G. C. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00110-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and childhood maltreatment, adulthood stressful life events and depression among Lebanese university students: a structural equation modeling approach
Younes, Y., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03567-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The latter was calculated by dividing the number of people in the house by the number of rooms, except the bathrooms and kitchen [37].”
Method
Mediating effect of depression and acute stress between exposure to Israel-Gaza war media coverage and insomnia: a multinational study from five arab countries
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Helmy, M. S., Alhuwailah, A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Naser, A. Y., Maalej, E., Obeïd, S., Cheour, M., & Hallit, S. R. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18996-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The household crowding index was computed to reflect the socioeconomic status (i.e. the total number of individuals who live in the household divided by rooms’ number, excluding kitchens and bathrooms) [51].”
Method
Trauma exposure and PTSD prevalence among Yazidi, Christian and Muslim asylum seekers and refugees displaced to Iraqi Kurdistan
Richa, S., Herdane, M., Dwaf, A., Khalil, R. B., Haddad, F. F., Khoury, R. E., Zarzour, M., Kassab, A., Dagher, R., Brunet, A., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233681 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
What risk factors for Developmental Language Disorder can tell us about the neurobiological mechanisms of language development
Boerma, T., ter Haar, S. M., Ganga, R., Wijnen, F. N. K., Blom, E., & Wierenga, C. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105398 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Such domestic crowding and competition for resources is more likely to occur in low SES families (Melki et al., 2004) and, analogous to the songbird case, these factors may contribute to children ’ s language delays.”
Prevalence and Characteristics of CAM Use among People Living with HIV and AIDS in Lebanon: Implications for Patient Care
Abou-Rizk, J., Alameddine, M. S., & Naja, F. (2016) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/5013132 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that a higher crowding index was correlated with a lower socioeconomic status [37, 38].”
Factors associated with general well-being among Lebanese adults: The role of emotional intelligence, fear of COVID, healthy lifestyle, coping strategies (avoidance and approach)
Sfeir, M., Akel, M., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02549-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The latter was calculated by dividing the number of people living in the house by the number of rooms (excluding Kitchen and bathroom) (Melki et al., 2004).”
Method
Factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Lebanese women
Daou, K. N., Bou-Orm, I. R., & Adib, S. M. (2017) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2017.1414102 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The use of the crowding index had previously been validated as an SES indicator essentially in the urban/suburban GB area (Melki et al. 2004).”
Background
Validity and Reproducibility of a Culture-Specific Food Frequency Questionnaire in Lebanon
Ahmad, R. E. S., Baroudi, M., Shatila, H., Nasreddine, L., Chokor, F. A. Z., Chehab, R. F., Forman, M. R., & Naja, F. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113316 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The relationship between smartphone addiction and aggression among Lebanese adolescents: the indirect effect of cognitive function
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Malaeb, D. N., Dine, A. S. E., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03808-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The household crowding index, reflecting the socioeconomic status of the family [77], is the ratio of the number of persons living in the house over the number of rooms in it (excluding the kitchen and the bathrooms).”
Background
Predicting the Intention to Sort Waste at Home in Rural Communities in Lebanon: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Bardus, M., & Massoud, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159383 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Socioeconomic status of the household, a common source of variability in environmental studies [65], was operationalised using the crowding index [66], calculated as the number of people living in the household divided by the number of rooms, excluding the kitchen and bathrooms.”
BackgroundMethod
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in a Sample of the Lebanese Population Regarding Cholera
Malaeb, D. N., Sallam, M., Younes, S., Mourad, N., Dine, A. S. E., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Hallit, R. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316243 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The first part included general sociodemographic information of the participants relating to age, sex, area of residence, level of education, occupation, marital status, household crowding index (defined as the number of persons divided by the number of rooms in the house) [30], and the number of children in the house.”
Background
Self-critical perfectionism mediates the relationship between self-esteem and satisfaction with life in Lebanese university students
Fekih-Romdhane, F., Sawma, T., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01040-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The latter, reflecting the socioeconomic status of the family, was calculated by dividing the number of persons in the house by the number of rooms in the house excluding the bathrooms and kitchen [63].”
Method
Physical and verbal/emotional abuse of schoolchildren, Lebanon, 2009
Bcheraoui, C. E., Kouriye, H., & Adib, S. M. (2012) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2012.18.10.1011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Association of Transition Readiness to Intentional Self-Regulation and Hopeful Future Expectations in Youth With Illness
Hart, L. C., Pollock, M. D., Hill, S., & Maslow, G. (2016) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the brief version of the difficulty in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16)
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Kanj, G., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01117-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Participants were asked to provide their demographic details consisting of age, sex, highest educational attainment, region of living, marital status and the Household Crowding Index (HCI); the latter reflecting the socioeconomic status of the family [65], is the ratio of the number of persons living in the house over…”
Background
Rhinitis as a risk factor for depressive mood in pre‐adolescents: a new approach to this relationship
Audino, P., Grutta, S. L., Cibella, F., Grutta, S. L., Melis, M. R., Bucchieri, S., Alfano, P., Marcantonio, S., & Cuttitta, G. (2014) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12215 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in Lebanon: a national survey
Bou-Orm, I. R., & Adib, S. M. (2020) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2020.26.2.182 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Following this initial listing, additional variables were explored specifically for persons with DM: (1) time since diagnosis of DM; (2) use of oral antidiabetic drugs, duration of DM and most frequent categories; (3) use of insulin treatment and its duration; (4) management of DM: disease control [last date of haemog…”
Method
Understanding Overeating and Obesity
Ruhm, C. J. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16149 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cervical cancer screening among Lebanese women
Bou-Orm, I. R., Sakr, R., & Adib, S. M. (2017) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2017.10.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Food insecurity is associated with compromised dietary intake and quality among Lebanese mothers: findings from a national cross-sectional study
Jomaa, L., Naja, F., Kharroubi, S. A., Diab-El-Harake, M., & Hwalla, N. C. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020000567 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“providing consistently reliable results(40,42,43).”
Background
Couple’s Satisfaction among Lebanese adults: validation of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Couple Satisfaction Index-4 scales, association with attachment styles and mediating role of alexithymia
El-Frenn, Y., Akel, M., Hallit, S., & Obeid, S. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00719-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The HCI was obtained by dividing the number of persons living in the house by the number of rooms in the house [42].”
Method
Food insecurity and eating habits of Lebanese children aged 5–11 years during the COVID-19 pandemic and the socioeconomic crisis: a national study
Gedeon, R., Hallit, S. R., & Hanna‐Wakim, L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14387-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stressors in hospitalized patients and their associations with mental health outcomes: testing perceived social support and spiritual well-being as moderators
Gerges, S., Hallit, R. R., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04833-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Higher ratios are indicative of lower socioeconomic households [33].”
Background
Determinants of household food access among small farmers in the Andes: examining the path
Leah, J., Pradel, W., Cole, D. C., Prain, G., Creed‐Kanashiro, H., & Carrasco, M. V. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980012000183 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Crowding has also been shown to correlate with lower socio-economic status, which has in turn been shown to be strongly associated with both poor health and food access outcomes((22)).”
Background
The indirect role of orthorexia nervosa and eating attitudes in the association between perfectionism and muscle dysmorphic disorder in Lebanese male University students – results of a pilot study
Merhy, G., Moubarak, V., Hallit, R. R., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04549-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The co-moderating effect of social support and religiosity in the association between psychological distress and coping strategies in a sample of lebanese adults
Mahfoud, D., Fawaz, M. A., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01102-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The Household Crowding Index (HCI) [39], reflecting the socioeconomic status of the family was also included.”
Background
Water and Beverage Consumption among Children Aged 4–13 Years in Lebanon: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Study
Jomaa, L., Hwalla, N. C., Constant, F., Naja, F., & Nasreddine, L. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8090554 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Additionally, the crowding index, a commonly used criterion to assess the socio-economic status of households, was calculated by dividing the number of persons living in the household over the number of rooms in the households (excluding bathrooms, kitchens and balconies) [24,25].”
Method
Restrained eating in Lebanese adolescents: scale validation and correlates
Nakhoul, T. B., Mina, A., Soufia, M., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02728-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
How accurate is the diagnosis of rheumatic fever in Egypt? Data from the national rheumatic heart disease prevention and control program (2006-2018)
Elghamrawy, A., Ibrahim, N. N., & El-Wahab, E. W. A. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008558 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“[18], the socioeconomic status was determined based on the level of education, occupation, income per capita, residency, crowding index (the total number of co-residents per household, excluding the new-born infant, divided by the total number of rooms, excluding the kitchen and bathrooms) [19], and sanitation (presen…”
Background
Fatores pessoais e sociais que influenciam o bem-estar subjetivo: diferenças ligadas estatuto socioeconômico
Gaspar, T., & Balancho, L. S. F. (2017) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232017224.07652015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Utilization of patient portals: a cross-sectional study investigating associations with mobile app quality
Yaman, N. E., Zeitoun, J., Diab, R., Mdaihly, M., Diab, R., Kobeissi, L., Ljoud, S. A., Antoun, J., & Bardus, M. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02252-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The sociodemographic section included questions about age, gender, educational level, household crowding index (HCI) as a proxy indicator of socioeconomic status [45], as well as area of primary residence, perceived health status, presence of chronic illness, and number of physician visits before and after the COVID-1…”
Binge eating behavior in a sample of Lebanese Adolescents: Correlates and Binge Eating Scale validation
Mina, A., Hallit, S. R., Rogoza, R., Obeïd, S., & Soufia, M. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00493-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Association between desire thinking and problematic social media use among a sample of Lebanese adults: The indirect effect of suppression and impulsivity
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“The first part included socio-demographic characteristics: age, gender, educational level, and household crowding index (the latter was calculated by dividing the number of persons living in the house by the number of rooms, excluding the kitchen and the bathroom [31]).”

Authors: Melki, I. S., Beydoun, H. A., Khogali, M., Tamim, H., & Yunis, K. A.
Affiliations: Hôtel-Dieu de France (LB)
American University of Beirut (LB)
Corresponding author: Yunis, K A
ORCID: Beydoun, H A
Yunis, K A
Venue: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2004-05-13
Volume: 58
Issue: 6
Pages: 476-480
ISSN: 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
0143-005X
1470-2738
DOI: 10.1136/jech.2003.012690
PMC: PMC1732777
OpenAlex: W2102993462
Cited by: 387
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 0.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: American University of Beirut
Université Libanaise
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: household crowding, birth interval, socioeconomic status, maternal education, maternal occupation, maternal age, parity, urban women
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Birth Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Crowding, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Parity, Pregnancy, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Health, Multivariate Analysis

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Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting

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