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Cited by 277Nutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorEating Disorders and Behaviors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults—a randomised controlled trial

Open access
Francis, Heather M., Stevenson, Richard J., Chambers, Jaime R., Gupta, Dolly, Newey, Brooklyn, Lim, Chai K.·2019·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0222768PMC PMC6784975
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Abstract

There is strong epidemiological evidence that poor diet is associated with depression. The reverse has also been shown, namely that eating a healthy diet rich in fruit, vegetables, fish and lean meat, is associated with reduced risk of depression. To date, only one randomised controlled trial (RCT) has been conducted with elevated depression symptoms being an inclusion criterion, with results showing that a diet intervention can reduce clinical levels of depression. No such RCTs have been performed in young adults. Young adults with elevated levels of depression symptoms and who habitually consume a poor diet were randomly allocated to a brief 3-week diet intervention (Diet Group) or a habitual diet control group (Control Group). The primary and secondary outcome measures assessed at baseline and after the intervention included symptoms of depression (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CESD-R; and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale- 21 depression subscale; DASS-21-D), current mood (Profile of Mood States), self-efficacy (New General Self-Efficacy Scale) and memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test). Diet compliance was measured via self-report questionnaires and spectrophotometry. One-hundred-and-one individuals were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the Diet Group or the Control Group. Upon completion of the study, there was complete data for 38 individuals in each group. There was good compliance with the diet intervention recommendations assessed using self-report and spectrophotometry. The Diet group had significantly lower self-reported depression symptoms than the Control Group on the CESD-R (p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.65) and DASS-21 depression subscale (p = 0.002, Cohen's d = 0.75) controlling for baseline scores on these scales. Reduced DASS-21 depression subscale scores were maintained on follow up phone call 3 months later (p = .009). These results are the first to show that young adults with elevated depression symptoms can engage in and adhere to a diet intervention, and that this can reduce symptoms of depression. The findings provide justification for future research into the duration of these benefits, the impacts of varying diet composition, and their biological basis.

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Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0222768

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Figures

Fig 1 CONSORT flow chart.
Fig 1 CONSORT flow chart.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 2 Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale—Revised scores for diet change (n = 38) group were significantly lower than the habitual diet (n = 38) group following 3 weeks of diet improvement, controlling for baseline scores (effect size: Cohen’s d = 0.65).
Fig 2 Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale—Revised scores for diet change (n = 38) group were significantly lower than the habitual diet (n = 38) group following 3 weeks of diet improvement, controlling for baseline scores (effect size: Cohen’s d = 0.65).CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 3 DASS-21 Depression subscale scores for diet change (n = 38) group were significantly lower than the habitual diet (n = 38) group following 3 weeks of diet improvement, controlling for baseline scores (effect size: Cohen’s d = 0.65) and remained significantly lower than baseline at 3 month follow up for the diet change group (n = 33).
Fig 3 DASS-21 Depression subscale scores for diet change (n = 38) group were significantly lower than the habitual diet (n = 38) group following 3 weeks of diet improvement, controlling for baseline scores (effect size: Cohen’s d = 0.65) and remained significantly lower than baseline at 3 month follow up for the diet change group (n = 33).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 39 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. JS Lai, 2013, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Dietary Patterns and Depression: Observational Studies, Ann Nutr Metab, 63, 428
  2. S Lovibond, 1995, Manual for the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales
  3. 2003, Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults. A guide to healthy eating
  4. J Brandt, 1991, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)
  5. C Randolph, 1999, RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Manual
  6. D Wechsler, 2008, WAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
  7. DE Moul, 2002, Preliminary study of the test-retest reliability and concurrent validities of the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS), Sleep, 25, A246
  8. G Hendrie, 2016, CSIRO Healthy Diet Score

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Metadata

Authors
Francis, H. M., Stevenson, R. J., Chambers, J. R., Gupta, D., Newey, B., & Lim, C. K.
Affiliations
Macquarie University (AU)
Corresponding author
Francis, Heather M.
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2019-10-09
Volume
14
Issue
10
Pages
e0222768
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0222768
PMC
PMC6784975
OpenAlex
W2980066052
Cited by
277
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 23
FWCI
24.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Society for Mental Health Research (Project Grant 2016)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Keywords
depression, dietary intervention, young adults, depressive symptoms, dietary adherence, mood, self-efficacy, memory, healthy eating
MeSH terms
Adult, Depression, Diet, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans, Male, Patient Compliance, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Young Adult, Intention to Treat Analysis

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