Structural equation modelling of food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers in Malaysia
Open accessAbstract
Factors contributing to foodborne illnesses in Malaysia were identified as insanitary food handling procedures and lack of hygiene in food preparation area. Food safety at home is a critical point as consumers represent the final step in food preparation and prevention of foodborne diseases. This study aims to investigate the food safety knowledge, attitude and self-reported practices among consumers in Malaysia. An online survey was conducted, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. A model linking food safety knowledge and attitude and their direct effects on practices were confirmed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The proposed model fulfilled the goodness of fit indices and is deemed acceptable. Respondents demonstrate good level of food safety knowledge and positive attitudes and self-reported practices. Food safety knowledge has a negative and insignificant relationship with food safety practices (β1 = -0.284, p>0.05) while attitude significantly affects food safety practices (β1 = 0.534, p<0.05). The findings clearly indicate that food safety knowledge does not directly affect food safety practices This is also the first study to provide new empirical findings on thermometer usage among consumers in Malaysia. This study establishes an important point of reference where consumers use visual appearances to determine if food is thoroughly cooked and practice washing raw chicken prior to cooking. Food safety practices at home play a critical role in protecting consumers in reducing risks of foodborne illnesses.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The household represents the final barrier against foodborne disease transmission, but can also be a critical point of contamination spread.
“The household represents the final barrier against foodborne disease transmission, but can also be a critical point of contamination spread [30,31].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
Herne, H., Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, P. R. (1973) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344428 · Cited by 35,801 · see citing works
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 19,266 · see citing works
Einax, J. W., Zwanziger, H. W., & Geiß, S. (1997) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/352760216x.ch5 · Cited by 18,779 · see citing works
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008) · Dublin Institute of Technology · doi:10.21427/d7cf7r · Cited by 8,746 · see citing works
Bourouiba, L. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility.
Weinstein, N. D. (1984) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.3.5.431 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Consumer Food Handling in the Home: A Review of Food Safety Studies
Redmond, E. C., & Griffith, C. J. (2003) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-66.1.130 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Sani, N. A., & Siow, O. N. (2013) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.036 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Abdul-Mutalib, N. A., Abdul-Rashid, M.-F., Mustafa, S., Nordin, S. A., Hamat, R. A., & Osman, M. B. (2012) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.001 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Odeyemi, O. A., Sani, N. A., Obadina, A. O., Saba, C. K. S., Bamidele, F. A., Abughoush, M. H., Asghar, A., Dongmo, F. F. D., Macer, D. R. J., & Aberoumand, A. (2018) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.030 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Food safety and handling knowledge and practices of Lebanese university students
Hassan, H. F., & Dimassi, H. (2014) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.040 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Abdullahi, A. Y., Hassan, A., Kadarman, N., Saleh, A., Baraya, Y. S., & Lua, P. L. (2016) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s98436 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ko, W. (2012) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.076 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Webb, M. C., & Morancie, A. (2014) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Woh, P. Y., Thong, K. L., Behnke, J. M., Lewis, J. W., & Zain, S. N. M. (2016) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.033 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Chen, M. (2017) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.01.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Bourouiba, L. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmicm1501197 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Foodborne diseases in Malaysia: A review
Soon, J. M., Singh, H., & Baines, R. N. (2010) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.12.011 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationBaşer, F., Türe, H., Abubakirova, A., Şanlıer, N., & Çil, B. Ç. B. (2016) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.032 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lim, T. P., Chye, F. Y., Sulaiman, M. R., Sukı, N. M., & Lee, J. (2015) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.042 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Tan, S. L., Bakar, F. A., Karim, S. A., Lee, H. Y., & Mahyudin, N. A. (2013) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.045 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A cross sectional study on food safety knowledge among adult consumers
Ruby, G. E., Abidin, U. F. U. Z., Lihan, S., Jambari, N. N., & Radu, S. (2018) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.045 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Canadian Consumer Food Safety Practices and Knowledge: Foodbook Study
Murray, R., Glass-Kaastra, S. K., Gardhouse, C., Marshall, B. J., Ciampa, N., Franklin, K., Hurst, M., Thomas, M. K., & Nesbitt, A. (2017) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-108 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ismail, F. H., Chik, C. T., Muhammad, R., & Yusoff, N. M. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.162 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effect of food safety training on food handlers’ knowledge and practices
Husain, N. R. N., Muda, W. A. M. W., Jamil, N. I. N., Hanafi, N. N. N., & Rahman, R. A. (2016) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-08-2015-0294 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pires, S. M. (2015) · 2015 Annual Meeting (July 25 - 28, 2015) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
He is worse than I am: The positive outlook of food handlers about foodborne disease
da Cunha, D. T., Stedefeldt, E., & de Rosso, V. V. (2014) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.02.009 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
An overview of foodborne illness and food safety in Malaysia
Abdul-Mutalib, N. A., Nordin, S. A., Sakai, K., & Shirai, Y. (2015) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Feng, Y., & Bruhn, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-245 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ruby, G. E., Abidin, U. F. U. Z., Lihan, S., Jambari, N. N., & Radu, S. (2019) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.022 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hygiene Practices of Food Handlers at Malaysian Government Institutions Training Centers
Saad, M. B., See, T. P., & Adil, M. A. M. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.344 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Microwave oven safety: A food safety consumer survey in Malaysia
New, C. Y., Thung, T. Y., Premarathne, J. M. K. J. K., Russly, A. R., Abdulkarim, S. M., & Son, R. (2017) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Food allergen knowledge, attitude and practices among UK consumers: A structural modelling approach
Soon, J. M. (2019) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationMeat handling practices in households of Mainland China
Gong, S. L., Yang, Y., Shen, H., Wang, X. Y., Guo, H., & Bai, L. (2010) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Meat thermometer usage amongst European and north American consumers: a scoping review
Elshahat, S., Woodside, J. V., & McKinley, M. C. (2019) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.018 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Structural modelling of food allergen knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers in Malaysia
Soon, J. M. (2018) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHabib, I., Harb, A., Hansson, I., Vågsholm, I., Osama, W., Bekhit, S. A., Mahgoub, M. A., Agamy, N., & Boqvist, S. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9010062 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Examining university students' sneezing and coughing etiquette
Berry, T. D., & Fournier, A. K. (2014) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.09.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wolff, R. J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3565981 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Influence of Time Use, Risk Factors and Occupation on Meal Preparers' Use of Food Thermometers
Rhodes, M. T., & Kuchler, F. (2020) · Food Protection Trends · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [43]Mazengia E, Fisk C, Liao G, Huang H, Meschke J. Direct observational study of the risk of cross-contamination during raw poultry handling: Practices in private homes. Food Protection Trends. 2015; 35(1): 8– 23.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tuglo, L. S., Agordoh, P. D., Tekpor, D., Pan, Z.-Q., Agbanyo, G., & Chu, M. (2021) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12199-021-00975-9 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Improving food safety practices in the foodservice industry
da Cunha, D. T. (2021) · Current Opinion in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2021.05.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Soon, J. M., Vanany, I., Wahab, I. R. A., Hamdan, R. H., & Jamaludin, M. H. (2021) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107920 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationSafety and quality perspective of street vended foods in developing countries
Rakha, A., Fatima, M., Bano, Y., Khan, M. A., Chaudhary, N., & Aadil, R. M. (2022) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Knowledge, attitudes and practices model in food safety: Limitations and methodological suggestions
da Cunha, D. T., Soon, J. M., Eluwole, K. K., Mullan, B. A., Bai, L., & Stedefeldt, E. (2022) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109198 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationAzanaw, J., Engdaw, G. T., Dejene, H., Bogale, S., & Degu, S. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11707 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice among elementary schoolchildren in southern Taiwan
Kuo, S.-C., & Weng, Y. (2020) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107818 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Knowledge and self-reported food safety practices among meat consumers in Ilorin, Nigeria.
Odetokun, I. A., Afolaranmi, Z. M., Nuhu, A. A., Borokinni, B. O., Ghali-Mohammed, I., Cisse, H., & Alhaji, N. B. (2022) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100039 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Elsewhere,consumers have the habit of washing meat [49], while 64% of surveyed Canadians re-ported often or always washing their poultry before cooking [48].”
BackgroundGebre, G. G., Legesse, T., & Fikadu, A. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17301 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mshelia, A. B., Osman, M. B., & Misni, N. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262313 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ballout, R., Toufeili, I. A., Kharroubi, S. A., & Kassem, I. I. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13010118 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Urban households’ food safety knowledge and behaviour: Choice of food markets and cooking practices
Dzudzor, M. I., & Gerber, N. (2023) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100728 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cho, T. J., Kim, S. A., Kim, H. W., & Rhee, M. S. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9101457 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Zhang, H., Zhu, R., Yang, H., Chen, M., Wang, X., Li, Z., & Xiong, Z.-Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1259158 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kanaan, M. H. G., Salim, I. D., Tarek, A. M., & Abdullah, S. S. (2023) · International Journal of One Health · doi:10.14202/ijoh.2023.150-158 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Alzhrani, W. F., & Shatwan, I. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13142176 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aba, R. P. M., Garcia, P. Y. Q., Juan, J. K. B., & Linsangan, A. T. (2023) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2023.05.010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Analysis of HPV Vaccination Willingness amongst HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in China
He, W., Pan, H., Lin, B., & Zhong, X. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9101069 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Milovanova, N., Chukwugozie, D. C., David, K., Okonji, B. A., Njoagwuani, E. I., Onwukaeme, I. M., Nnaji, N. D., Onyeaka, H. N., & Tamasiga, P. (2024) · JSFA reports · doi:10.1002/jsf2.211 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Soon, J. M., Ha, T. M., Limon, M. R., Vanany, I., Ongkunaruk, P., Voe, P., Boulom, S., Yang, F., Wahab, I. R. A., Hamdan, R. H., et al. (2023) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110253 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationRoy, N., Aktarujjaman, M., Siddiky, A., Mollick, K., Rosby, R., Rogers, B. T., Hossain, E., Al‐Mamun, F., & Mamun, M. A. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70307 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chaudhary, M. N., Lim, V.-C., Sahimin, N., Faller, E. M., Regmi, P., Aryal, N., & Azman, A. S. (2023) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102620 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ali, S. W., Ahmad, M., Asif, M., Amir, R. M., & Ali, A. (2022) · Italian Journal of Food Safety · doi:10.4081/ijfs.2022.10051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Arfaoui, L. (2022) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/97320630018900 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Charlesworth, J., Rowland, O., & Mullan, B. A. (2023) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-01-2023-0013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cota, A. D. S., de Freitas, R. S. G., Lefèvre, F., & Stedefeldt, E. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113486 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Egg and Broiler Supply in Malaysia: Issues, Challenges and Recommendations
Jamaludin, M. H., Marsal, C. J., Chowdhury, A. J. K., Harith, Z. T., Ridzwan, R. M., & Abdullah, Z. A. K. (2023) · Halalsphere · doi:10.31436/hs.v3i1.66 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAlyousef, H. A., Alhadad, M., Joukhadar, T. A., & Yang, N. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14203564 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Habib, M. A., Sajid, M., Sultana, M., & Hasan, T. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103147 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Elexson, N., Buyong, N. L., Lesen, D., Basiron, M. M., Ahad, N., Wan Jesfrydi, W. N. Q., Jamaludin, M. H., Fadilah, M. F. A., Azra, T., & Tunung, R. (2023) · Food Research · doi:10.26656/fr.2017.7(1).620 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Knowledge and Practices Toward Food Safety Measures at Home in the Lebanese Community
Annan, M., Sakr, S., Alaouie, Z., Salla, M., Sheet, I., & Khatib, A. A. (2024) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2024.2323697 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ishra, R., Sharif, S., Soar, J., & Khanam, R. (2025) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2025.100857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ishra, R., Sharif, S., Soar, J., & Khanam, R. (2026) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71540 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jannah, A. A., Suryani, D., & Sukesi, T. W. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v9ispecialissue.6161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Determinants of Food Safety Practices in Food Handlers: A Literature Review
Suyitno, S., Suryani, D., & Jannah, A. A. (2024) · PROMOTOR · doi:10.32832/pro.v7i3.706 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Choudhury, S., Medina-Lara, A., Bi, A. Z., Ricarte, P., Morrish, N., & Veettil, P. C. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15081381 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The household represents the final barrier against foodborne disease transmission, but can also be a critical point of contamination spread [30,31].”
Msrahi, N., & Turkistani, A. (2025) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-00964-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nkosi, D. V., Bekker, J. L., & Hoffman, L. C. (2024) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.347768 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, W., Chen, S., Yu, J., Ran, L., Pang, Q., Tan, X., Zhang, Y., Fanghong, L. I. U., Deng, S., Qu, X., et al. (2026) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-026-07827-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Food Safety Education Practices among Obstetricians
Alyousef, H. A., Cao, X., & Yang, N. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11010111 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Foodborne disease and food safety among college students in pandemic situation
Moelyaningrum, A. D., Keman, S., Melaniani, S., Notobroto, H. B., Rokhmah, D., & Megatsari, H. (2023) · Pharmacy Education · doi:10.46542/pe.2023.234.269273 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Knowledge, Practices and Attitude regarding Food Safety among Rural Women in Ismailia Governorate
(2021) · Trends in Nursing and Health Care Journal · doi:10.21608/tnhcj.2021.247167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dabaghi, Y., Choobchian, S., Sadighi, H., & Azadi, H. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-022-00789-3
A MAQASID SYARIAH PERSPECTIVE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SAFETY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Hashim, K. E., & Husna, A. (2023) · International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Research · doi:10.53840/ijiefer100
Visualizing the Dynamics of the KAB Model with Sankey Diagrams
Doan, M. H., & Caporusso, N. (2025) · International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics · doi:10.1109/mipro65660.2025.11131967
Hamat, R. A., Mamot, M., Mohamed, N. A., Rani, M. D. M., Osman, M., & Sekawi, Z. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.47836/mjmhs.20.6.34
Mamot, M., Mohamed, N. A., Ramli, S., Hamat, R. A., Rani, M. D. M., Osman, M., & Sekawi, Z. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.47836/mjmhs20.5.31
Yirdaw, G., Yenew, C., Bayeh, G. M., Gebeyehu, A. A., Mekonnen, B. A., Alemayehu, M. A., Enawgaw, A. S., Ejigu, A. G., Tsega, T. D., Yigzaw, Z. A., et al. (2026) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2026.101100
Tegegne, A., Okoyo, E. N., Aweke, C. S., & Terefe, A. T. (2026) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-09-2025-1255
Bensa, M., Jevšnik, M., Pezo, L., & Vovk, I. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15061062
Amin, M. R., Alam, M. M., Sarwar, S., Mahbub, M. J., Jui, A. H., Sumon, G. M. R., & Khondker, R. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72357
Premphoolsawat, P., Satchasataporn, K., Jarudecha, T., Lunha, K., Yongkiettrakul, S., Kerdsin, A., Takamatsu, D., & Meekhanon, N. (2026) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci13050458
Kusalaruk, W., Nimitkeatkai, H., Intawicha, P., Sakphoowadon, S., & Saengwong, S. (2026) · AIMS Agriculture and Food · doi:10.3934/agrfood.2026020
The development of a tool for measuring food safety literacy among working age population
Mongkolmafai, T., Nakpan, W., Chaiwong, S., & Prasertchai, A. (2026) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2026.06.006
Assessing Food Safety Practices in Food Service Establishments Using Questionnaires and Observation
Soon, J. M., & Manning, L. (2026) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5444-6_3
Self-citationNkosi, D., Bekker, J. L., & Hoffman, L. C. (2024) · African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development · doi:10.18697/ajfand.129.23565
- Authors
- Soon, J. M., Wahab, I. R. A., Hamdan, R. H., & Jamaludin, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Soon, Jan Mei
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e0235870
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7343170
- OpenAlex
- W3041797451
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- University of Central Lancashire
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Keywords
- food safety knowledge, food safety attitudes, food safety practices, home food preparation, foodborne illness prevention, food handling hygiene, thermometer use, consumer behavior, Malaysia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Consumer Behavior, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Malaysia, Male, Middle Aged, Food Safety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
