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COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK
Open accessAbstract
We use the UK Household Longitudinal Study and compare pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019) and during-COVID-19 pandemic data (April 2020) for the same group of individuals to assess and quantify changes in mental health as measured by changes in the GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), among ethnic groups in the UK. We confirm the previously documented average deterioration in mental health for the whole sample of individuals interviewed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we find that the average increase in mental distress varies by ethnicity and gender. Both women –regardless of their ethnicity– and Black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) men experienced a higher average increase in mental distress than White British men, so that the gender gap in mental health increases only among White British individuals. These ethnic-gender specific changes in mental health persist after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Finally, we find some evidence that, among men, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani individuals have experienced the highest average increase in mental distress with respect to White British men.
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“possibly due to worsening mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic [16].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Proto, E., & Quintana-Domeque, C.
- Affiliations
- IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (DE)
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2021-01-06
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0244419
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7787387
- OpenAlex
- W3120271639
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 55
- FWCI
- 41.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago) (submittedVersion)
- University of Chicago (cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Essex
- University of Exeter
- University of Liverpool
- University of Queensland
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health deterioration, psychological distress, ethnic differences, gender differences, Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups, UK Household Longitudinal Study, GHQ-12
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Mental Disorders, Ethnicity, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, Racial Groups, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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