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Cited by 23Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychosocial Factors Impacting YouthAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Maternal and paternal psychological control and adolescents' negative adjustment: a dyadic longitudinal study in three countries

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Basili, Emanuele, Zuffianò, Antonio, Pastorelli, Concetta, Thartori, Eriona, Lunetti, Carolina, Favini, Ainzara, Cirimele, Flavia, Di Giunta, Laura +4 more·2021·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0251437PMC PMC8121295
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Abstract

Psychological Control (PC) interferes with autonomy-related processes in adolescence and has a negative impact on adolescents’ development related to internalizing and externalizing problems. Several scholars suggested that PC can be used differently by mothers and fathers. However, these differences are still understudied and mainly grounded on maternal and/or adolescents’ perspectives, leading to potentially incomplete inferences on the effects of PC. The present study extends previous research on PC in two directions. First, we tested the dyadic and cumulative effects of maternal and paternal PC on adolescents’ antisocial behaviors and anxious-depressive symptoms. Secondly, we explored the cross-cultural generalizability of these associations in three countries: Italy, Colombia, and USA. Participants included 376 families with data from three consecutive years (T1, adolescents’ age = 13.70). Mothers’ and fathers’ reports of PC and youth’s reports of antisocial and internalizing behaviors were assessed. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) we found that maternal PC predicted adolescents’ reported antisocial behaviors whereas paternal PC predicted lower anxious-depressed symptoms. Comparisons across countries evidenced the cross-cultural invariance of the longitudinal APIM across Italy, Colombia, and USA. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

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  • Higher levels of parental control were associated with lower levels of anxiety.

    “Higher levels of parental control were associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression.”

    From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Basili et al. (2021)

    The Discussion reports that greater paternal psychological control was associated with fewer adolescent-reported anxious-depressed symptoms. It also says maternal psychological control was not associated with those symptoms, so the finding does not support the unqualified claim about parental control generally or anxiety separately. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Higher levels of parental control were associated with lower levels of depression.

    “Higher levels of parental control were associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression.”

    From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Basili et al. (2021)

    The Discussion reports that greater paternal psychological control was associated with fewer adolescent anxious-depressed symptoms. It does not establish the same association for parental control generally or for depression measured separately; maternal psychological control was not associated with internalizing symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Basili et al. (2021) found parental control to predict lower levels of depression.

    “Regarding the study by Basili et al. (2021) the findings must be interpreted with caution as they found parental control to predict lower levels of depression”

    From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Basili et al., 2021

    The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that paternal psychological control predicted fewer adolescent anxious-depressed symptoms. The claim broadens this finding to parental control generally and to depression alone; maternal psychological control was not associated with internalizing symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Of the longitudinal studies, 2 found no relationship between parenting style and anxiety.

    “Of the longitudinal studies 2 of them found no relationship with anxiety”

    From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Basili et al., 2021

    The Results (Multiple-group APIM by country; page unavailable) report no significant association between maternal psychological control and adolescents’ anxious-depressive symptoms. But the Discussion reports a negative association for paternal psychological control, so this study did not find no relationship between parenting and anxiety overall. Its outcome was a combined anxiety/depression measure, not anxiety alone; the source also cannot establish the citing sentence’s count of two studies. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A clear majority of the studies included in this review found a direct positive relationship between helicopter parenting and symptoms of anxiety and depression, with one exception (Basili et al., 2021) finding a negative association.

    “A clear majority of the studies included in this review found a direct positive relationship between helicopter parenting and symptoms of anxiety and depression, with one exception (Basili et al., 2021) finding a negative association.”

    From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Basili et al., 2021

    The Discussion (page not specified) reports a negative association between paternal psychological control and adolescents’ anxious-depressive symptoms. The cited study examines psychological control, not helicopter parenting, so it does not establish the claimed exception for helicopter parenting. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Basili, E., Zuffianò, A., Pastorelli, C., Thartori, E., Lunetti, C., Favini, A., Cirimele, F., Di Giunta, L., Gerbino, M., Bacchini, D., Uribe Tirado, L. M., & Lansford, J. E.
Affiliations
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Duke University (US)
Corresponding author
Basili, Emanuele
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2021-05-14
Volume
16
Issue
5
Pages
e0251437
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0251437
PMC
PMC8121295
OpenAlex
W3161719571
Cited by
23
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2
FWCI
2.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS UniPA (University of Palermo) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
  • Iris (Roma Tre University) (submittedVersion)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (RO1-HD054805)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30 DA023026)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords
psychological control, maternal psychological control, adolescents, antisocial behavior, anxious-depressive symptoms, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, parent-adolescent relationships, cross-cultural invariance, actor-partner interdependence, autonomy
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Anxiety, Colombia, Depression, Fathers, Female, Humans, Italy, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, United States, Parenting

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