Unsupervised learning using EHR and census data to identify distinct subphenotypes of newly diagnosed hypertension patients
Open accessAbstract
Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a complex condition with significant heterogeneity in presentation and treatment response. Identifying distinct subphenotypes of HTN may improve our understanding of its underlying mechanisms and guide more precise treatment or public health initiatives. Methods: Using EHR and Medicaid claims data from the OneFlorida+ research consortium (2012–2021), we identified a cohort of adult Floridians with newly diagnosed HTN (first diagnosis following two outpatient blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg & no prior anti-HTN treatment). We extracted demographic and clinical data from the diagnosis visit and ≤1 year prior. We used hierarchical clustering (unsupervised machine learning) to identify distinct subphenotypes within the OneFlorida+ HTN population. Results: A total of 40,686 patients were included (mean ± SD age, 60.9 ± 17.5 y; 55% women). Five subphenotypes (S1-5) were identified. S1 was characterized by older age, higher Body Mass Index (BMI), and prevalent type 2 diabetes. S2 included over 50% of Black patients who were primarily women, younger, with higher BMI, but living in communities with higher levels of socioeconomic vulnerabilities. S3 contained a higher percentage of Hispanic patients with comparatively lower BMI. S4 is characterized by higher age and co-morbidities. S5 had 94% of patients with chronic kidney disease. Distinctions in social determinants of health factors were also observed. Conclusions: Unsupervised learning identified 5 HTN subphenotypes varying in demographic, socioeconomic, and risk profiles. Further investigation into the biological mechanisms of these subphenotypes and the relationships to social factors may enhance our ability to deliver targeted interventions that consider social policy implications in addition to the traditional behavioral and physiological interventions.
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Unsupervised clustering identified patient subphenotypes linked to SDOH exposure.
“Unsupervised clustering, including hierarchical clustering [20] and trajectory‐based algorithmic grouping [24], identified patient subphenotypes linked to SDOH exposure.”
Five hypertension subphenotypes were identified using unsupervised learning with EHR and census data.
“Five hypertension subphenotypes identified; one predominantly younger Black women with higher poverty and Medicaid enrollment; social factors integral to hypertension heterogeneity”
Social factors are integral to hypertension heterogeneity.
“Five hypertension subphenotypes identified; one predominantly younger Black women with higher poverty and Medicaid enrollment; social factors integral to hypertension heterogeneity”
One hypertension subphenotype was predominantly younger Black women with higher poverty and Medicaid enrollment.
“Five hypertension subphenotypes identified; one predominantly younger Black women with higher poverty and Medicaid enrollment; social factors integral to hypertension heterogeneity”
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- Authors
- Hall, J. M., Xu, J., Walsh, M. G., Cho, H.-D., Harrell, G., Keshwani, S. A., Smith, S. M., & Staras, S. A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Jaclyn M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS One
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2025-07-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e0326776
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12240299
- OpenAlex
- W4412124784
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UL1TR001427)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Keywords
- hypertension, subphenotypes, newly diagnosed hypertension, social determinants of health, socioeconomic vulnerability, racial and ethnic disparities, body mass index, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, census data, Medicaid claims, antihypertensive drug response
- MeSH terms
- Unsupervised Machine Learning, Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Medicaid, Middle Aged, Phenotype, United States, Body Mass Index, Censuses, Electronic Health Records
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