Photonic Crystal Glucose-Sensing Material for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Tear Fluid
Abstract
Background: We recently developed a photonic crystal glucose-sensing material (Alexeev et al., Anal Chem 2003;75:2316–23), which consists of a crystalline colloidal array embedded within a polymer network of a polyacrylamide-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with pendent phenylboronic acid groups. The aim of the present work was to improve this approach for application to noninvasive or minimally invasive monitoring of glucose. Methods: We used new boronic acid derivatives such as 4-amino-3-fluorophenylboronic acid and 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid as the molecular recognition elements to achieve sensing at physiologic pH values. Results: The improved photonic glucose-sensing material sensed glucose in the range of the 100 μmol/L concentrations found in tear fluid. The detection limits were ∼1 μmol/L in synthetic tear fluid. The visually evident diffraction color shifted across the entire visible spectral region from red to blue over the physiologically relevant tear-fluid glucose concentrations. This sensing material is selective for glucose over galactose, mannose, and fructose. Conclusions: These new glucose sensors have properties appropriate for use in such glucose-sensing applications as ocular inserts or diagnostic contact lenses for patients with diabetes mellitus.
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The capability to monitor glucose concentration in interstitial fluid as a surrogate for blood chemistry allows preventing hypoglycemic episodes and tightly controlling the glucose concentration throughout the day.
“The capability to monitor glucose concentration in interstitial fluid as a surrogate for blood chemistry allows preventing hypoglycemic episodes and tightly controlling the glucose concentration throughout the day.81”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [81]
The Abstract (page unavailable) says that continuous monitoring in a bodily fluid linked to blood glucose could improve glycemic control. But this paper proposes tear fluid, not interstitial fluid, as the surrogate; it does not state that the proposed monitoring prevents hypoglycemic episodes or achieves tight control throughout the day. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredContact lens-based sensors were initially introduced utilizing optical detection of tear glucose levels based on the interaction of glucose with concanavalin A or phenylboronic acid derivatives.
“Contact lens-based sensors were initially introduced utilizing optical detection of tear glucose levels based on the interaction of glucose with concanavalin A or phenylboronic acid derivatives107,108.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
A photonic crystal that responds to glucose levels has been described; the sensor bends light and the diffracted band shifts as glucose concentration changes.
“The development of optic sensors today focuses on the rapid, continuous and simple determination of glucose in surrounding body fluids, for example, the use of a photonic crystal that responds to glucose levels has been described, the sensor bends light, and the diffracted band shifts as the glucose concentration changes [47].”
From The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
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References 46 · Cited by 370
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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- Kanekiyo Y, Sano M, Iguchi R, Shinkai S. Novel nucleotide- responsive hydrogels designed from copolymers of boronic acid and cationic units and their applications as a QCM resonator system to nucleotide sensing. J Polym Sci [A1] 2000;38:1302- 10.
- Liu X, Scouten WH. New ligands for boronate affinity chromatog- raphy. J Chromatogr A 1994;687:61-9.
- Bielecki M, Eggert H, Norrild JC. A fluorescent glucose sensor binding covalently to all five hydroxy groups of ␣-D-glucofuranose. A reinvestigation. J Chem Soc [Perkin 2] 1999;2:449 -55.
- Authors
- Alexeev, V. L., Das, S., Finegold, D. N., & Asher, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Chevron (United States) (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asher, Sanford A
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-12-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2353-2360
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- OpenAlex
- W2137561358
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK55348, R01DK055348)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photonic Crystals and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Polydiacetylene-based materials and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- photonic crystals, glucose detection, tears, non-invasive glucose monitoring, phenylboronic acid, boronic acid derivatives, colorimetric sensing, diabetes mellitus, ocular inserts, molecular recognition
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Boronic Acids, Colloids, Contact Lenses, Crystallization, Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Humans, Mannose, Microspheres, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tears, Hydrogels
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