Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse

Bosker, Wendy M; Huestis, Marilyn A

doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.108670

Cited by 378Forensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisClinical Laboratory Practices and Quality ControlSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse

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Bosker, Wendy M, Huestis, Marilyn A·2009·Clinical Chemistry

DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2008.108670PMC PMC3165054

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Abstract

Background: Oral fluid (OF) is an exciting alternative matrix for monitoring drugs of abuse in workplace, clinical toxicology, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) programs. During the last 5 years, scientific and technological advances in OF collection, point-of-collection testing devices, and screening and confirmation methods were achieved. Guidelines were proposed for workplace OF testing by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, DUID testing by the European Union’s Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines (DRUID) program, and standardization of DUID research. Although OF testing is now commonplace in many monitoring programs, the greatest current limitation is the scarcity of controlled drug administration studies available to guide interpretation. Content: This review outlines OF testing advantages and limitations, and the progress in OF that has occurred during the last 5 years in collection, screening, confirmation, and interpretation of cannabinoids, opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and benzodiazepines. We examine controlled drug administration studies, immunoassay and chromatographic methods, collection devices, point-of-collection testing device performance, and recent applications of OF testing. Summary: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration approval of OF testing was delayed because questions about drug OF disposition were not yet resolved, and collection device performance and testing assays required improvement. Here, we document the many advances achieved in the use of OF. Additional research is needed to identify new biomarkers, determine drug detection windows, characterize OF adulteration techniques, and evaluate analyte stability. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that OF offers multiple advantages as an alternative matrix for drug monitoring and has an important role in DUID, treatment, workplace, and criminal justice programs.

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The rate of diffusion into oral fluid is affected by lipophilicity, salivary pH, pKa, molecular size, un-ionized free drug blood concentration and membrane characteristics.
“The rate of diffusion is affected by several factors including lipophilicity of the drug, salivary pH, pKa, molecular size, un-ionized free drug blood concentration and membrane characteristics (8–11).”
From Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities—2021 Update (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The Summary (page unavailable) links drug transfer between blood and oral fluid to pKa, lipophilicity, pH differences, and free uncharged drug crossing membranes. It does not address molecular size or membrane characteristics as factors affecting the rate of diffusion, so the full list is not supported by this copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Recent developments within forensic toxicology include increased interest in using oral fluid as a specimen for drug detection in impaired driving cases.
“Recent developments within the field of forensic toxicology include increased interest in the use of oral fluid as a specimen for drug detection in impaired driving cases (8).”
From Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities—2021 Update (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Drug deposition into oral fluid occurs via passive diffusion of un-ionized free drug from blood through salivary glands and ion trapping of basic drugs in the oral cavity.
“Drug deposition into oral fluid is via passive diffusion of un-ionized free drug from the blood through the salivary glands and ion trapping of basic drugs in the oral cavity.”
From Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities—2021 Update (2021) · cites this paper as [8]

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Quintela, O., Andrenyak, D. M., Hoggan, A. M., & Crouch, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.3.157 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The recovery of illicit drugs from oral fluid sampling devices
Dickson, S. J., Park, A., Nolan, S. L., Kenworthy, S., Nicholson, C., Midgley, J., Pinfold, R., & Hampton, S. (2006) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.03.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Determination of Benzodiazepines in Oral Fluid Using LC-MS-MS
Moore, C. M., Coulter, C., Crompton, K., & Zumwalt, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.9.596 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Validation of Analysis of Amphetamines, Opiates, Phencyclidine, Cocaine, and Benzoylecgonine in Oral Fluids by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Kala, S. V., Harris, S. E., Freijo, T. D., & Gerlich, S. (2008) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/32.8.605 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
An Evaluation of Selected Oral Fluid Point-of-Collection Drug-Testing Devices
Crouch, D. J., Walsh, J., Flegel, R. R., Cangianelli, L., Baudys, J., & Atkins, R. (2005) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/29.4.244 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Determination of Cocaine, Benzoylecgonine, and Cocaethylene in Small-Volume Oral Fluid Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Clauwaert, K. M., Decaestecker, T. N., Mortier, K. A., Lambert, W. E., Deforce, D. L. D., Peteghem, C. V., & Bocxlaer, J. V. (2004) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/28.8.655 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark
Bernhoft, I. M., Steentoft, A., Johansen, S. S., Klitgaard, N. A., Larsen, L. B., & Hansen, L. B. (2005) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.039 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Detection of Conjugated 11-nor- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic Acid in Oral Fluid
Moore, C. M., Rana, S., Coulter, C., Day, D., Vincent, M., & Soares, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.4.187 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Driving Under the Influence of Drugs-Amphetamine Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Whole Blood Samples
Engblom, C., Gunnar, T., Rantanen, A., & Lillsunde, P. M. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.5.276 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Comparison of Urine and Oral Fluid as Matrices for Screening of Thirty-Three Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine-like Substances using Immunoassay and LC-MS(-MS)
Smink, B. E., Mathijssen, M., Lusthof, K. J., de Gier, J. J., Egberts, T. C. G., & Uges, D. R. A. (2006) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/30.7.478 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Laboratory Evaluation and Field Application of Roadside Oral Fluid Collectors and Drug Testing Devices
Crouch, D. J., Walsh, J., Cangianelli, L., & Quintela, O. (2008) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181679249 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Performance characteristics of the Cozart® RapiScan Oral Fluid Drug Testing System for opiates in comparison to ELISA and GC/MS following controlled codeine administration
Kacinko, S. L., Barnes, A. J., Kim, I., Moolchan, E. T., Wilson, L., Cooper, G. A. A., Reid, C., Baldwin, D., Hand, C., & Huestis, M. A. (2004) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.12.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Simultaneous Analysis of 14 Benzodiazepines in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and LC-MS-MS
Ngwa, G., Fritch, D., Blum, K., & Newland, G. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.7.369 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Detection of the Marijuana Metabolite 11-Nor- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid in Oral Fluid Specimens and Its Contribution to Positive Results in Screening Assays
Moore, C. M., Ross, W., Coulter, C., Adams, L., Rana, S., Vincent, M., & Soares, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/30.7.413 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Efficiency in Detecting Opiates in Oral Fluid with the Cozart(R) Opiate Microplate EIA and GC-MS Following Controlled Codeine Administration
Barnes, A. J., Kim, I., Schepers, R. J., Moolchan, E. T., Wilson, L., Cooper, G. A. A., Reid, C., Hand, C. W., & Huestis, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/27.7.402 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Blind Trials of an Onsite Saliva Drug Test for Marijuana and Opiates
JEHANLI, A. M. T., Brannan, S., Moore, L., & Spiehler, V. R. (2001) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs15123j · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Validation of SPE‐HPLC determination of 1,4‐benzodiazepines and metabolites in blood plasma, urine, and saliva
Uddin, M. N., Samanidou, V., & Papadoyannis, I. N. (2008) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.200800342 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Oral fluid testing for cannabis: On-site OraLine® IV s.a.t. device versus GC/MS
Cirimele, V., Villain, M., Mura, P., Bernard, M., & Kintz, P. (2006) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.01.020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
On-site testing of illicit drugs: the use of the drug-testing device “Toxiquick®”
Biermann, T., Schwarze, B., Zedler, B., & Betz, P. (2004) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.01.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases
Peters, F. T., Samyn, N., Kræmer, T., Riedel, W. J., & Maurer, H. H. (2007) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.081547 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Evaluation of Ten Oral Fluid Point-of-Collection Drug-Testing Devices*
Walsh, J., Crouch, D. J., Danaceau, J. P., Cangianelli, L., Liddicoat, L. J., & Adkins, R. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.1.44 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A sensitive, rapid and specific determination of midazolam in human plasma and saliva by liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry
Quintela, O., Cruz, A., Concheiro, M., de Castro, A., & López‐Rivadulla, M. (2004) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.1719 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The concentration of oxazepam and oxazepam glucuronide in oral fluid, blood and serum after controlled administration of 15 and 30 mg oxazepam
Smink, B. E., Hofman, B. J. A., Dijkhuizen, A., Lusthof, K. J., de Gier, J. J., Egberts, T. C. G., & Uges, D. R. A. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03252.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Detection of Cannabis Use in Drivers with the Drugwipe Device and by GC-MS after Intercept(R) Device Collection
Kintz, P., Bernhard, W., Villain, M., Gasser, M., Aebi, B., & Cirimele, V. (2005) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/29.7.724 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Monitoring Saliva Concentrations of Methaqualone, Codeine, Secobarbital, Diphenhydramine and Diazepam After Single Oral Doses
Sharp, M., Wallace, S. M., Hindmarsh, K. W., & Peel, H. W. (1983) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/7.1.11 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Validation of the Cozart® Amphetamine Microplate EIA for the analysis of amphetamines in oral fluid
Cooper, G. A. A., Wilson, L., Reid, C., Hand, C., & Spiehler, V. R. (2005) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Proficiency testing (external quality assessment) of drug detection in oral fluid
Clarke, J., & Wilson, J. F. (2005) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Cozart DDSV Test for Cannabis in Oral Fluid
Kintz, P., Brunet, B., Muller, J.-F., Serra, W., Villain, M., Cirimele, V., & Mura, P. (2009) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181947916 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Validation of the Cozart® microplate EIA for analysis of opiates in oral fluid
Cooper, G. A. A., Wilson, L., Reid, C., Baldwin, D., Hand, C., & Spiehler, V. R. (2004) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cozart(R) RapiScan Oral Fluid Drug Testing System: An Evaluation of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Efficiency for Cocaine Detection Compared with ELISA and GC-MS Following Controlled Cocaine Administration
Kolbrich, E. A., Kim, I., Barnes, A. J., Moolchan, E. T., Wilson, L., Cooper, G. A. A., Reid, C., Baldwin, D., Hand, C. W., & Huestis, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/27.7.407 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Who makes the diagnosis? The role of clinical skills and diagnostic test results
Wahner‐Roedler, D. L., Chaliki, S. S., Bauer, B. A., Bundrick, J. B., Bergstrom, L., Lee, M. C., Cha, S. S., & Elkin, P. L. (2006) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2006.00691.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cannabis and driving: the use of LC–MS to detect Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in oral fluid samples
Teixeira, H. M., Proença, P., Castanheira, A., Santos, S. A. O., López‐Rivadulla, M., Corte-Real, F., Marques, E. P., & Vieira, D. N. (2004) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Acetylcodeine as a Marker of Illicit Heroin Abuse in Oral Fluid Samples
Phillips, S. G., & Allen, K. R. (2006) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/30.6.370 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Cozart® RapiScan drug test system for opiates and cocaine in oral fluid
Cooper, G. A. A., Wilson, L., Reid, C., Main, L., & Hand, C. (2005) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.042 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Development and validation of a method for the quantitation of Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid by liquid chromatography electrospray–mass-spectrometry
Concheiro, M., de Castro, A., Quintela, O., et al. (2004) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/s1570-0232(04)00650-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Cozart® DDS oral fluid collection device
Speedy, T., Baldwin, D., Jowett, G., Gallina, M., & JEHANLI, A. M. T. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.038 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Simultaneous enantioselective quantification of methadone and of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-pyrrolidine in oral fluid using capillary electrophoresis
Martins, L. F., Yegles, M., & Wennig, R. (2007) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
New technology and new initiatives in U.S. workplace testing
Walsh, J. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Comparison of GC-MS and EIA Results for the Analysis of Methadone in Oral Fluid
Cooper, G. A. A., Wilson, L., Reid, C., Baldwin, D., Hand, C. W., & Spiehler, V. R. (2005) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs2004539 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Comparison of two extraction procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in human saliva by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Fernández, P., Morales, L., Vázquez, C., Lago, M., & Bermejo, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.1365 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization for the determination of opiates in human oral fluid
Cámpora, P., Bermejo, A. M., Tabernero, M. J., & Fernández, P. (2006) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.2449 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Comparative Pharmacokinetic and Dynamic Evaluation of Alprazolam Sustained-Release, Bromazepam, and Lorazepam
Busto, U. E., Kaplan, H. L., Wright, C. E., Gomez‐Mancilla, B., Zawertailo, L. A., Greenblatt, D. J., & Sellers, E. M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200012000-00008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sensitivity and Specificity of the Cozart Microplate EIA Cocaine Oral Fluid at Proposed Screening and Confirmation Cutoffs
Kim, I., Barnes, A. J., Schepers, R. J., Moolchan, E. T., Wilson, L., Cooper, G. A. A., Reid, C., Hand, C., & Huestis, M. A. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.9.1498 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pre-analytical stability of selected benzodiazepines on a polymeric oral fluid sampling device
Kempf, J., Wuske, T., Schubert, R., & Weinmann, W. (2009) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.02.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Validation of the Cozart(R) Microplate EIA for Cocaine and Metabolites in Oral Fluid
Cooper, G. A. A., Wilson, L., Reid, C., Baldwin, D., Hand, C., & Spieher, V. (2004) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/28.6.498 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Buprenorphine detection in biological samples
Giovanni, N. D., Fucci, N., Scarlata, S., & Donzelli, G. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2005.235 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Rapid Oral Fluid Point-of-Care Test for MDMA
Wilson, L., JEHANLI, A. M. T., Hand, C. W., Cooper, G. A. A., & Smith, R. H. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.2.98 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Determination of Propoxyphene in Oral Fluid
Rana, S., Moore, C. M., Vincent, M., Coulter, C., Agrawal, A., & Soares, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/30.8.516 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Achieving Proposed Federal Concentrations using Reduced Specimen Volume for the Extraction of Amphetamines from Oral Fluid
Moore, C. M., Coulter, C., & Crompton, K. (2007) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/31.8.442 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Diagnostic testing in the emergency department.
Flomenbaum, N., & Goldfrank, L. R. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Talasemi ve Hemoglobinopatilerin Moleküler Tanı Yöntemleri
Özkınay, F. (2010) · Turkiye Klinikleri Hematology - Special Topics · Cited by 2 · see citing works

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Saliva as a Diagnostic Fluid
Malamud, D. (2010) · Dental Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cden.2010.08.004 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
A Single-Question Screening Test for Drug Use in Primary Care
Smith, P. C., Schmidt, S. M., Allensworth‐Davies, D., & Saitz, R. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.140 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Application of microfluidic chip technology in pharmaceutical analysis: A review
Cui, P., & Wang, S. (2018) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2018.12.001 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Saliva sampling: Methods and devices. An overview
Bellagambi, F. G., Lomonaco, T., Salvo, P., Vivaldi, F. M., Hangouët, M., Ghimenti, S., Biagini, D., Francesco, F. D., Fuoco, R., & Errachid, A. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.115781 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol
Hartman, R. L., Brown, T. L., Milavetz, G., Spurgin, A. L., Pierce, R. S., Gorelick, D. A., Gaffney, G., & Huestis, M. A. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citation
The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs
Gunja, N. (2013) · Journal of Medical Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Current Technologies of Electrochemical Immunosensors: Perspective on Signal Amplification
Cho, I., Lee, J., Kim, J., Kang, M. S., Paik, J. K., Ku, S., Cho, H.-M., Irudayaraj, J., & Kim, D.-H. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18010207 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Nanogold-enwrapped graphene nanocomposites as trace labels for sensitivity enhancement of electrochemical immunosensors in clinical immunoassays: Carcinoembryonic antigen as a model
Zhong, Z., Wu, W., Wang, D., Wang, D., Shan, J., Qing, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2010) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2010.03.009 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Dried blood spots in toxicology: from the cradle to the grave?
Stove, C. P., Ingels, A.-S. M. E., Kesel, P. M. M. D., & Lambert, W. E. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2011.650790 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Objective Testing
Hadland, S. E., & Levy, S. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.005 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Importantly, use of breath sprays, mouthwash or other oral rinses containing alcohol does not affect drug testing result as long as they are not used within 30 minutes of sample collection [17].”
Biospecimens and the ABCD study: Rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data
Uban, K. A., Horton, M. K., Jacobus, J., Heyser, C., Thompson, W. K., Tapert, S. F., Madden, P. A. F., & Sowell, E. R. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Appropriate Use of Drug Testing in Clinical Addiction Medicine
Jarvis, M., Williams, J., Hurford, M., Lindsay, D., Lincoln, P., Giles, L., Luongo, P., & Safarian, T. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000323 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test Analysis Using Google Glass
Feng, S. W., Caire, R., Cortazar, B., Turan, M., Wong, A., & Özcan, A. (2014) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn500614k · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review
de Campos, E. G., da Costa, B. R. B., dos Santos, F. S., Monedeiro, F., Alves, M. N. R., Santos, W. J. R., & Martinis, B. S. D. (2021) · Forensic Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s11419-021-00596-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Recent biosensing advances in the rapid detection of illicit drugs
Ahmed, S. R., Chand, R., Kumar, S., Mittal, N., Srinivasan, S., & Rajabzadeh, A. R. (2020) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.116006 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Oral fluid drug testing: analytical approaches, issues and interpretation of results
Desrosiers, N. A., & Huestis, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkz048 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Salivary Markers for Oral Cancer Detection
Markopoulos, A. K., Michailidou, E. Z., & Tzimagiorgis, G. (2010) · The Open Dentistry Journal · doi:10.2174/1874210601004010172 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Comparison of drug concentrations between whole blood and oral fluid
Langel, K., Gjerde, H., Favretto, D., Lillsunde, P. M., Øiestad, E. L., Ferrara, S. D., & Verstraete, A. (2013) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1532 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Bimetallic AuPt nanochains: Synthesis and their application in electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen
Cao, X., Wang, N., Jia, S., Guo, L., & Li, K. (2012) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.046 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Current knowledge on cannabinoids in oral fluid
Lee, D., & Huestis, M. A. (2013) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1514 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citation
Testing for Drugs of Abuse in Children and Adolescents
Levy, S., Siqueira, L. M., COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE, Levy, S., Ammerman, S. D., Gonzalez, P. K., Ryan, S. A., Siqueira, L. M., & Smith, V. C. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0865 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Detection of drugs of abuse in exhaled breath using a device for rapid collection: comparison with plasma, urine and self-reporting in 47 drug users
Beck, O., Stephanson, N. N., Sandqvist, S., & Franck, J. (2013) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7155/7/2/026006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Laboratory Testing for Prescription Opioids
Milone, M. C. (2012) · Journal of Medical Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13181-012-0274-7 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A validated method for the detection and quantitation of 50 drugs of abuse and medicinal drugs in oral fluid by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Langel, K., Gunnar, T., Ariniemi, K., Rajamäki, O., & Lillsunde, P. M. (2011) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.027 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of Cocaine and Metabolites in Human Oral Fluid and Correlation With Plasma Concentrations After Controlled Administration
Scheidweiler, K. B., Kolbrich, E. A., Kelly, T. L., Cone, E. J., Barnes, A. J., & Huestis, M. A. (2010) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181f2b729 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Validation of the TAPS-1: A Four-Item Screening Tool to Identify Unhealthy Substance Use in Primary Care
Gryczynski, J., McNeely, J., Wu, L.-T. T., Subramaniam, G., Svikis, D. S., Cathers, L. A., Sharma, G., King, J., Jelstrom, E., Nordeck, C. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4079-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
A Brief Patient Self-administered Substance Use Screening Tool for Primary Care: Two-site Validation Study of the Substance Use Brief Screen (SUBS)
McNeely, J., Strauss, S. M., Saitz, R., Cleland, C. M., Palamar, J. J., Rotrosen, J., & Gourevitch, M. N. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Novel Oral Fluid Assay (LC-QTOF-MS) for the Detection of Fentanyl and Clandestine Opioids in Oral Fluid After Reported Heroin Overdose
Griswold, M. K., Chai, P. R., Krotulski, A. J., Friscia, M., Chapman, B. P., Varma, N., Boyer, E. W., Logan, B. K., & Babu, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Medical Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13181-017-0632-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Direct drug analysis from oral fluid using medical swab touch spray mass spectrometry
Pirro, V., Jarmusch, A. K., Vincenti, M., & Cooks, R. G. (2015) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Towards on-site analysis of complex matrices by solid-phase microextraction-transmission mode coupled to a portable mass spectrometer via direct analysis in real time
Gómez‐Ríos, G. A., Vasiljević, T., Gionfriddo, E., Yu, M., & Pawliszyn, J. B. (2017) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c7an00718c · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Detection of strep throat causing bacterium directly from medical swabs by touch spray-mass spectrometry
Jarmusch, A. K., Pirro, V., Kerian, K. S., & Cooks, R. G. (2014) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c4an00959b · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Performance evaluation of on-site oral fluid drug screening devices in normal police procedure in Germany
Mußhoff, F., Hokamp, E. G., Bott, U., & Madea, B. (2014) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.02.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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Authors: Bosker, W. M., & Huestis, M. A.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Huestis, Marilyn A
ORCID: Huestis, Marilyn A
Venue: Clinical Chemistry
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2009-11-01
Volume: 55
Issue: 11
Pages: 1910-1931
ISSN: 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
1530-8561
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.108670
PMC: PMC3165054
OpenAlex: W2062866182
Cited by: 378
References: 125
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 4.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations: Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Drug Abuse (ZIADA000412)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: oral fluid testing, drugs of abuse, drug testing, workplace drug testing, drug-impaired driving, cannabinoids, opioids, amphetamine, cocaine, benzodiazepines, analyte stability, immunoassay, chromatographic methods, drug monitoring
MeSH terms: Amphetamines, Analgesics, Opioid, Benzodiazepines, Cannabinoids, Cocaine, Humans, Saliva, Substance Abuse Detection

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