Cited by 985Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyClinical practice guidelines implementation

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STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

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Bossuyt, Patrick M, Reitsma, Johannes B, Bruns, David E, Gatsonis, Constantine A, Glasziou, Paul P, Irwig, Les, Lijmer, Jeroen G, Moher, David, Rennie, Drummond, de Vet, Henrica C W, Kressel, Herbert Y, Rifai, Nader, Golub, Robert M, Altman, Douglas G, Hooft, Lotty, Korevaar, Daniël A, Cohen, Jérémie F·2015·Clinical Chemistry

DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2015.246280

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Abstract

Incomplete reporting has been identified as a major source of avoidable waste in biomedical research. Essential information is often not provided in study reports, impeding the identification, critical appraisal, and replication of studies. To improve the quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies, the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) statement was developed. Here we present STARD 2015, an updated list of 30 essential items that should be included in every report of a diagnostic accuracy study. This update incorporates recent evidence about sources of bias and variability in diagnostic accuracy and is intended to facilitate the use of STARD. As such, STARD 2015 may help to improve completeness and transparency in reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies.

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“23”
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“Reporting follows STROBE and STARD for observational and diagnostic-accuracy elements, and was cross-checked against the STARD-AI extension for AI-centred diagnostic accuracy studies; AI-specific reporting adheres to CLAIM [15, 16].”
Dissecting Through the Literature: A Review of the Critical Appraisal Process
Almutairi, R., Alsarraf, A., Alkandari, D., Ashkanani, H. K. A. H. A., & AlBazali, A. A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.59658 · Cited by 4
“Various tools and checklists have been developed to guide the critical appraisal of different types of studies, including prediction modeling studies, outcomes in cancer patients using mobile health applications, and diagnostic accuracy studies [1-3].”
Method
Clinical validation of a machine-learned, point-of-care system to IDENTIFY pulmonary hypertension
McLean, D. S., Rommel, J. J., Steuter, J., Carroll, W. S., Rabbat, M., Rajagopal, S., Srinivasan, V., Kereiakes, D. J., Roberts, M. C., Raval, A. A., et al. (2025) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.01287-2024 · Cited by 4
Quantitative Ischemic Lesions of Portable Low–Field Strength MRI Using Deep Learning–Based Super-Resolution
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Acute Kidney Injury Diagnostic Accuracy and Implications of Different Baseline Creatinine Equations
Bjornstad, E. C., Acharjee, M. K., Rahman, A. F., Zappitelli, M., Basu, R. K., Schwartz, G. J., Goldstein, S. L., Braun, C. G., & Askenazi, D. J. (2025) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2025.07.044 · Cited by 5
“20 In the AWARE cohort, participants were included if hospitalized in ICU for > 48 hours and aged 90 days to < 25 years; and excluded if they received maintenance dialysis, had CKD stage 5, recent kidney transplant, uncorrected congenital heart disease, or postoperative from elective cardiac…”
Augmented Intelligence in Ophthalmology: The Six Rights
Ting, D. S. W., & Al‐Aswad, L. A. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000410 · Cited by 4
The diagnostic accuracy of serum microRNAs in detection of cervical cancer: a systematic review protocol
Ssedyabane, F., Niyonzima, N., Ngonzi, J. N. J., Tusubira, D., Ocan, M., Akena, D. H., Namisango, E., Apunyo, R., Kinengyere, A. A., & Obuku, E. A. (2023) · Diagnostic and Prognostic Research · doi:10.1186/s41512-023-00142-4 · Cited by 4
Comparison of Child-Pugh, MELD, MELD-Na, and ALBI Scores in Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with HCC
Liu, Y., Ran, L., Zhang, H., Ren, H., Jiang, X. M., Liao, P., & Ou, M. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2023.143011 · Cited by 4
A New Test for Achilles Tendinopathy Based on Kager’s Fat Pad Clinical Assessment Predictive Values
Rodríguez‐Sanz, D., Losa‐Iglesias, M. E., Vallejo, R., Milá, Z. S., Dorgham, H. A. A., Elerian, A. E., Tian, Y., Calvo‐Lobo, C., Saornil, J. V., & Martínez‐Jiménez, E. M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165183 · Cited by 4
Ubiquitous Colonic Ileal Metaplasia Consistent with the Diagnosis of Crohn’s Colitis among Indeterminate Colitis Cohorts
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Guillén-Solà, A., Ramírez, C., Bel-Franquesa, H., Duarte, E., Grillo, C., Durán, X., & Boza, R. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.10.010 · Cited by 4
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Tsegaye, A. T., Pavlinac, P. B., Walson, J. L., & Tickell, K. D. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002520 · Cited by 4
Pleural fluid soluble Fas ligand and tuberculous pleural effusion: a prospective diagnostic test accuracy study
Wen, X., Wen, J.-X., Mu, L., Cao, X., Yan, L., Huang, J., Chen, H., Jiang, T., Hu, Z.-D., Niu, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-23-1076 · Cited by 4
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Phase Angle as Surrogate Marker of Muscle Weakness in Kidney Transplant Candidates Referred to Prehabilitation
Marco, E., Pérez‐Sáez, M. J., Muñoz-Redondo, E., Curbelo, Y. G., Ramírez-Fuentes, C., Meza-Valderrama, D., Acuña-Pardo, C., Muns, M. D., Vázquez‐Ibar, O., Chamoun, B., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142245 · Cited by 4
“The study adheres to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) guidelines [15].”
Method
Real-world performance of a single-use, analyser-free, molecular point-of-care test for COVID-19 used in the emergency department: Results of a prospective trial (ED-POC)
Chapman, M. E., Brendish, N. J., Morris, M., Spalluto, C. M., McCormick, C. J., Moyses, H. E., & Clark, T. W. (2024) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106264 · Cited by 4
SCORE2 is superior to SCORE in predicting the presence of carotid plaques and intima-media thickness in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional study using carotid ultrasound
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The challenge of applying the F-A-C-S pathway from EWGSOP2 for sarcopenia diagnosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A diagnostic accuracy study
Bartolomé, P. H.-S., Rodriguez, C. S., Curbelo, Y. G., Ramírez-Fuentes, C., Vázquez‐Ibar, O., Sánchez‐Rodríguez, D., & Tejero-Sánchez, M. (2025) · Rehabilitación · doi:10.1016/j.rh.2024.100879 · Cited by 4
STARD guideline in diagnostic accuracy tests: perspective from a systematic reviewer.
Hu, Z.-D. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2016.01.03 · Cited by 4
Valutazione della destrezza e accuratezza diagnostica del Functional Dexterity Test in soggetti affetti da sindrome del tunnel carpale
Sartorio, F., Vercelli, S., Bravini, E., Anna, Z., Bargeri, S., Pisano, F., & Ferriero, G. (2018) · La Medicina del Lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.v109i1.6036 · Cited by 4
A Retrospective Estimate of Ear Disease Detection Using the “Red Flags” in a Clinical Sample
Klyn, N. A. M., Robler, S. K., Alfakir, R., Nielsen, D. W., Griffith, J. W., Carlson, D. L., Lundy, L. B., Dhar, S., & Zapala, D. A. (2018) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000561 · Cited by 4
Reporting Guidelines for Imaging Research
McInnes, M. D. F., Lim, C. S., van der Pol, C. B., Salameh, J., McGrath, T. A., & Frank, R. A. (2018) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.11.008 · Cited by 4
Threshold values affect predictive accuracy of caries risk assessment
Senneby, A., Neilands, J., Svensäter, G., Axtelius, B., & Rohlin, M. (2019) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2018.1564838 · Cited by 4
“The number of recruited adolescents in clinics A and S is presented in the flow-chart (Figure 1), designed, and modified according to STARD 2015[21].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Cardona‐Ramírez, S., López, C., & Silva-Molano, R. F. (2019) · Veterinary Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1111/vcp.12742 · Cited by 4
Racial differences in adult-onset MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy
Allen, S. E., Limdi, N. A., Westrick, A. C., Hoef, L. V., Szaflarski, J. P., Kuzniecky, R., & Knowlton, R. C. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106501 · Cited by 4
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Jurado‐Martos, F., Cardoso‐Toset, F., Tarradas, C., Galán‐Relaño, Á., Sánchez‐Carvajal, J. M., Ruedas‐Torres, I., Vera, E., Larenas‐Muñoz, F., Gómez‐Gascón, L., Rodríguez-Gómez, I. M., et al. (2023) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.007 · Cited by 4
Role of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in Early Detection of Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancy in High Risk Patients
Seerani, N. L., Laghari, H., Khidri, F. F., Sawai, S., Bajwa, A., & Devi, J. (2023) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.6.1949 · Cited by 4
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Shanley, D. C., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Wheeler, A., Byrnes, J., Ware, R. S., Liu, W., Simcock, G. P., White, C., Horton, S., Page, M., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071004 · Cited by 4
Identification of Family with Sequence Similarity 110 Member C (FAM110C) as a Candidate Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Glioma
Ren, D.-S., Zhuang, X., Lv, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Gao, F., Chen, D., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13850 · Cited by 4
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Cao, X., Yan, L., Jiang, T., Huang, J., Chen, H., Porcel, J. M., Zheng, W., & Hu, Z.-D. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/17534666231222333 · Cited by 4
“25,26 Diagnostic criteria MPE was confirmed by pleural biopsy or cytology.”
Background
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Comment on Ahmmed (2021): The Search for Evidence-Based Auditory Processing Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
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Circulating Endometrial Cells
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“When relevant, we followed the STARD 2015 reporting guidelines (Bossuyt et al., 2015; Cohen et al., 2016).”
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Impact of laboratory technician experience on the accuracy of laboratory test results in scientific research
Özcan, Ö., den Elzen, W. P. J., de Rotte, M. C. F. J., Reijerse, J., Beertsen, C. M. T., Hillebrand, J. J., & Heijboer, A. C. (2025) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2025.120695 · Cited by 3
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Authors: Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., Kressel, H. Y., Rifai, N., Golub, R. M., Altman, D. G., Hooft, L., Korevaar, D. A., & Cohen, J. F.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Utrecht University (NL)
University of Virginia (US)
Brown University (US)
Bond University (AU)
The University of Sydney (AU)
OLVG (NL)
University of Ottawa (CA)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Northwestern University (US)
University of Oxford (GB)
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Inserm (FR)
Corresponding author: Bossuyt, Patrick M
ORCID: Bossuyt, Patrick M
Reitsma, Johannes B
Glasziou, Paul P
Lijmer, Jeroen G
Moher, David
Kressel, Herbert Y
Rifai, Nader
Altman, Douglas G
Hooft, Lotty
Cohen, Jérémie F
Venue: Clinical Chemistry
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2015-12-01
Volume: 61
Issue: 12
Pages: 1446-1452
ISSN: 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
1530-8561
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.246280
OpenAlex: W2188214922
Cited by: 984
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 58.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations: Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
Bond University Research Portal (Bond University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: University of Amsterdam
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Keywords: STARD 2015, diagnostic accuracy studies, reporting guidelines, reporting completeness, research transparency, critical appraisal
MeSH terms: Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Quality Control, Research Design, Reproducibility of Results, Bias

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STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

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