Adverse Childhood Experiences: Assessing The Impact On Health And School Engagement And The Mitigating Role Of Resilience

Bethell, Christina D., Newacheck, Paul, Hawes, Eva, Halfon, Neal·2014·Health Affairs

Cited by (670)

Items 301–400 of 670

  1. The Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Resilience Profiles on School Outcomes among Children in the Child Welfare System
    Susan Yoon, Fei Pei, Juan Lorenzo Benavides, Alexa Ploss, Jessica A. R. Logan, Sherry Lynne Hamby · 2022 · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  2. Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on male and female wistar rats with early life stress experiences
    Karen Corredor, Johanna Marcela Duran, Laura Herrera-Isaza, S. Forero, J.P. Quintanilla, A. Gomez, Gladys S Martínez, Fernando P. Cárdenas · 2022 · Frontiers in Physiology
  3. Positive Childhood Experiences and Depression Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model
    Chenyu Wang, Rui Zhou, Xing Zhang · 2023 · Psychology Research and Behavior Management
  4. Assessment of Families Experiencing Homelessness: Analysis of Current Practice
    Carmela J. DeCandia, Ellen L. Bassuk, Molly K. Richard · 2017 · SpringerBriefs in psychology
  5. Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Early Young Adulthood: Do Adverse Life Events Play a Role?
    Leonie K. Elsenburg, Nynke Smidt, Hans Wijbrand Hoek, Aart Cornelis Liefbroer · 2017 · Obesity
  6. Addressing the social emotional needs of children in chronic poverty: A pilot of the Journey of Hope
    Tara M. Powell, Jordan P. Davis · 2018 · Children and Youth Services Review
  7. The Survey of Oral-Dental Health of Elementary School Students of Tehran City and its Related Factors
    Ali Goodarzi, Alireza A. Hidarnia, Tavafian. SS, Mohammad Eslami · 2018 · Military Caring Sciences
  8. Family Resilience and Connection Is Associated with Dental Caries in US Children
    Jacqueline M. Burgette · 2020 · JDR Clinical & Translational Research
  9. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health: When Well-Being Matters
    Loreto Leiva, Betzabe Torres-Cortés, Andrés Antivilo-Bruna · 2022 · Child Indicators Research
  10. The Costly Consequences of Not Being Socially and Behaviorally Ready by Kindergarten: Associations with Grade Retention, Receipt of Academic Support Services, and Suspensions/Expulsions.
    Amie F. Bettencourt, Deborah A. Gross, Grace W. K. Ho · 2016
  11. Untitled work
    Nan · 2023 · 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.020
  12. Assessing the Toxic Levels in Parenting Behavior and Coping Strategies Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Hardiyanti Purna Pratiwi, Ikta Yarliani, Murniyanti Ismail, Rizki Noor Haida, Noer Asmayanti · 2020 · JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini
  13. Az ártalmas gyermekkori élmények hatása a mentális és szomatikus egészségre gyermek- és serdülőkorban
    Beáta Kovács-Tóth, Ildikó Kuritárné Szabó · 2023 · Orvosi Hetilap
  14. Trauma in Schools: A Review of the Impact of Childhood Trauma and Assessment of a Potential Intervention
    Emily Smith Schafer · 2024 · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine
  15. Annual Research Review: Exposure to environmental chemicals and psychosocial stress and the development of children's learning difficulties
    Amy E. Margolis, Alex Dranovsky, David Pagliaccio, Gazi F. Azad, Virginia Rauh, Julie Beth Herbstman · 2025 · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
  16. Family, Neighborhood and Parent Resilience Are Inversely Associated With Reported Depression in Adolescents Exposed to ACEs
    Esther C. McGowan, Suzette O. Oyeku, Sylvia W. Lim · 2022 · Academic Pediatrics
  17. “You Don’t Know What’s Really Going On”: Reducing the Discipline Gap by Addressing Adversity, Connection and Resources
    Jane E. Sanders, Faye Mishna, Lance Trevor McCready, Barbara Fallon · 2021 · School Mental Health
  18. Aggressive behavior: examining the psychological and demographic factors among university students in Nigeria
    Bushura Afolabi Aroyewun, Sunday Oladotun Adeyemo, Divine Chioma Nnabuko · 2022 · Cogent Psychology
  19. The adverse childhood experiences checklist: Can it serve as a clinical and quality indicator?
    Y. Wickramasinghe, S. Raman, Pankaj Garg, K. Jain, Romy Hurwitz · 2019 · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
  20. Featured counter-trafficking program: Resiliency Interventions for Sexual Exploitation (RISE)
    Kelly M. Whaling, Alissa Der Sarkissian, Jill D. Sharkey, Lisa Conn Akoni · 2019 · Child Abuse & Neglect
  21. Examining the relationship between birth weight and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis
    Ni, Meng, Li, Lijuan, Li, Wei, Zhang, Qianqian, Zhao, Jiuru, Shen, Qianwen, Yao, Dongting, Wang, Tao, Li, Baihe, Ding, Xiya et al. · 2023 · Frontiers in Psychiatry
  22. What we know and need to know about physical health and mortality in non-incarcerated offenders: A narrative review
    Guy C. M. Skinner, David P. Farrington · 2023 · Aggression and Violent Behavior
  23. Adverse Childhood Events and Chronic Pain in Adolescents: The Role of Sleep Disturbance
    Josep Roman‐Juan, Ester Solé, Elisabet Sánchez‐Rodríguez, Elena Castarlenas, Mark P. Jensen, Jordi Miró · 2023 · Journal of Pediatric Psychology
  24. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Academic Performance Among U.S. Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Rachel S. Tyrone, Lauren M. Fletcher, Courtney S. Walker, Caroline Compretta, Paul Burns, Jennifer C. Reneker · 2023 · Journal of education
  25. Primary Care as a Protective Factor: A Vision to Transform Health Care Delivery and Overcome Disparities in Health
    Edward L. Machtinger, Alicia F. Lieberman, Christina D. Bethell, Marguerita A. Lightfoot · 2024 · The Permanente Journal
  26. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Truancy in High School: An Analysis of Florida Adolescents
    Cashen M. Boccio, Stephanie M. Cardwell, Dylan B. Jackson · 2024 · Deviant Behavior
  27. The combined effects of adverse childhood experiences and neighborhood quality on child health and well-being
    Melissa S. Jones, Hannah Dixon Everett, John P. Hoffmann · 2024 · Child Abuse & Neglect
  28. The importance of childhood social capitals in the future well-being of children
    Chihiro Hosoda, Zhang YunFeng, Junji Watanabe, Kazushi Maruya, Rokuro Tabuchi, Kenchi Hosokawa, Takuto Matsuhashi · 2024 · Frontiers in Psychology
  29. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Cognition in African American Older Adults: An Integrated Literature Review
    Karen Lowe Graham, Olimpia Paun, Audrey Stillerman · 2021 · Research in Gerontological Nursing
  30. Examining adolescent maltreatment and connections to school engagement
    Laura Mielityinen, Noora Ellonen, Riikka Ikonen, Eija Paavilainen · 2021 · Improving Schools
  31. Applying an Advocating Student-Environment Lens to Foster Protective Factors: School Counselors’ Role in Buffering ACEs
    Brett Zyromski, Trisha E. Wolfe, Jihyeon Choi, Sarah Shrewsbury‐Braxton, Mark Hamilton · 2022 · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling
  32. Re-envisioning Child Well-being
    Kele Stewart · 2022 · Columbia Journal of Race and Law
  33. The Mediating Role of Brain Structural Imaging Markers in Connecting Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Resilience
    Yun‐Hsuan Chang, Meng‐Heng Yang, Zai‐Fu Yao, Meng‐Che Tsai, Shulan Hsieh · 2023 · Children
  34. Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Glycemic Control and Lipids in Children with Type 1 Diabetes
    Anoop Mohamed Iqbal, Seema Kumar, Janet Hansen, Mary Heyrman, Rebecca Spee, Aida Nadim Lteif · 2020 · Children
  35. All Awareness and No Action: Can Social Work Leverage Creative Arts’ Potential?
    Raphael Travis · 2017 · Research on Social Work Practice
  36. Predictors of victimization among youth who are overweight in a national sample
    Laura Nabors, Cathy Odar Stough, Katlyn Garr, Ashley L. Merianos · 2019 · Pediatric Obesity
  37. Do cognitive training applications improve executive function in children with adverse childhood experiences? A pilot study
    John Henry Spawton-Rice, Zachary Walker · 2020 · Applied Neuropsychology Child
  38. Why Don’t You See Me?: Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Black Male Students
    Larry Walker · 2021 · The New Educator
  39. Clusters of adverse childhood experiences and unmet need for care coordination
    Chidiogo Anyigbo, Beth Anne Tarini, Jichuan Wang, Paul Lanier · 2021 · Child Abuse & Neglect
  40. Racial/ethnic health disparities among children with special health care needs in Boston, Massachusetts
    Robert S. Dembo, Jennifer LaFleur, Ilhom Akobirshoev, Daniel P. Dooley, Neelesh Batra, Monika Mitra · 2022 · Disability and health journal
  41. Family Support Services and Reported Parent Coping Among Caregivers of Children with Emotional, Behavioral, or Developmental Disorders
    Genevieve Graaf, Phillip M. Hughes, Neal A. deJong, Kathleen C. Thomas · 2023 · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
  42. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Teachers’ Lived Experiences of Working with Traumatised Children in the Classroom
    Antoinette Frearson, Mandy Duncan · 2024 · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma
  43. Adverse childhood and school experiences: a retrospective cross-sectional study examining their associations with health-related behaviours and mental health
    Karen Hughes, Mark A Bellis, Kat Ford, Catherine Sharp, Joanne C Hopkins, Rebecca A. Hill, Katie Cresswell · 2025 · BMC Public Health
  44. Exploring Parent Perspectives: A Qualitative Study on the Impact of Post-Separation Domestic Abuse on Children
    Rosalyn Millar, Caoilfhionn Hardy, Katrina McLaughlin · 2025 · Journal of Family Violence
  45. Using phenome-wide association studies and the SF-12 quality of life metric to identify profound consequences of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental and physical health in a Northern Nevadan population
    Karen A. Schlauch, Robert W. Read, Stephanie M. Koning, Iva Neveux, Joseph J. Grzymski · 2022 · Frontiers in Psychiatry
  46. Positive childhood experiences support emotional and behavioral health in middle childhood: Longitudinal mediation of adverse childhood experiences
    Kanna N. Lewis, Lorraine M. McKelvey · 2025 · Child Abuse & Neglect
  47. Alcohol Use Disorder Masks the Effects of Childhood Adversity, Lifetime Trauma, and Chronic Stress on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Reactivity
    Alice Zhang, Julianne L. Price, David S. Leonard, Carol S. North, Alina Surís, Martin A. Javors, Bryon H. Adinoff · 2020 · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
  48. The longitudinal negative impact of early stressful events on emotional and physical well‐being: The buffering role of cardiac vagal development
    Elisabetta Patron, Antonio Calcagnì, Julian Francis Thayer, Sara Scrimin · 2020 · Developmental Psychobiology
  49. Effects of adverse childhood experiences on partnered sexual arousal appear context dependent
    Nicole Prause, Haskel Cohen, Greg J. Siegle · 2021 · Sexual & Relationship Therapy
  50. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and need and unmet need for care coordination
    Chidiogo Anyigbo, Anne E. Fuller, Yao Iris Cheng, Linda Y. Fu, Harolyn M. E. Belcher, Beth Anne Tarini, Nicole M. Brown · 2021 · International Journal of Care Coordination
  51. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Utilization and forgoing of Health Care among Children: A Nationally Representative Study in the United States
    Héctor Ernesto Alcalá, Amanda E. Ng, Nicholas Tkach, Zoha Salam · 2022 · Children s Health Care
  52. The Impact and Lived Experience of Covid-19 Restrictions for Vulnerable Children and Families in a Low-Income Irish Community
    Margaret Curtin, Maria O’Shea, Claire C. Hayes · 2022 · Child Care in Practice
  53. Police Stops and Youths’ Educational Expectations: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
    Dylan B. Jackson, Alexander Testa, Daniel C. Semenza, R. Skinner, M. Vaughn · 2022 · Children and youth services review
  54. US children with special health care needs and ethnic discrimination: results from multivariate modeling
    Guillermo Montes · 2018 · World Journal of Pediatrics
  55. Disrupting Three Prominent Racialized Trauma Tropes
    Adam Julian Alvarez · 2023 · Educational Researcher
  56. Teacher’s invisible hands—the association between teacher-student relationship and subjective happiness among left-behind children: the chain mediating roles of resilience and learning engagement
    Jing Fang, Ruibo Xie, Wan Ding, Jiayi Li, Die Wang, Weijian Li · 2024 · Educational Psychology
  57. “Everyone has the ability actualy to do well in education. It's just the support mechanisms that you give to them…”: A systematic literature review exploring the educational experiences of children in care
    Natasha Goding, Brettany K. Hartwell, Jana Kreppner · 2022 · Children and Youth Services Review
  58. Systems of care among children and youth with special health care needs with and without adverse childhood events: National Survey of Children's Health 2016–2017
    Mary Kay Kenney, Amy Chanlongbutra, Patricia L. Fanflick, Ann Ferrero, Soohyun Kim, Cristina Novoa · 2021 · Disability and health journal
  59. Why are we Really Suspending this Student?: The Relationship Among ACEs, ADHD and High School Suspension Rates
    Kelly Wynne Lettieri, Travis E. Lewis · 2022 · Journal of Trauma Studies in Education
  60. Making Connections that Count – a Case Study of the Family Referral Service in Schools Program on the Central Coast, New South Wales, Australia
    Hazel E. Dalton, Jamin J. Day, Tonelle E. Handley, Angela Booth, Alan J. Hayes, David A. Perkins · 2023 · International Journal of Integrated Care
  61. Health Insurance Coverage Gaps Among Children With a History of Adversity
    Chidiogo U. Anyigbo, Emmalee Todd, Dmitry Tumin, Jennifer D. Kusma · 2023 · Medical Care Research and Review
  62. “I Don’t Feel Like There’s Enough Awareness about the Damage That Social Media Does”: A Thematic Analysis of the Relationships between Social Media Use, Mental Wellbeing, and Care Experience
    Cecily Pepper, Elvira Pérez Vallejos, Christopher James Carter · 2023 · Youth
  63. Adolescents’ Mental Health Concerns in Pre- and During COVID-19: Roles of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Emotional Resilience
    Hye Yeon Lee, Isak Kim, Jaeyoung Kim · 2024 · Child Psychiatry & Human Development
  64. Applying the Principles of Brain-Based Learning in Social Work Education
    Vickie Harden, V. Nikki Jones · 2022 · Advances in Social Work
  65. Truancy: The relevance of resilience-related internal assets, student engagement and perception of school success in youth living with parents and in residential care
    Anabela Caetano Santos, Celeste Simões, Cátia Branquinho, Patrí­cia Arriaga · 2022 · Child Abuse & Neglect
  66. Association Between Maternal Health Status and Family Resilience: Results from a National Survey
    Sitara Soundararajan, Shyla Jagannath, Jaya Aysola · 2023 · Maternal and Child Health Journal
  67. Adverse Childhood Experiences: How Schools Can Help
    Amy J. Walker, Elaine Walsh · 2015 · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
  68. Childhood Adversity, Families, Neighborhoods, and Cognitive Outcomes: Testing Structural Models of the Bioecological Framework
    Mark W. Olofson · 2017 · International Journal of Education and Practice
  69. Concurrent Childhood Experiences Impact Underage Substance Use
    Eliza Broadbent, Jacob Miller, Aaron Cheung, Elizabeth Mathews Rollins, Lynneth Kirsten B. Novilla, Melissa Stanfill, AliceAnn Crandall · 2021 · Child Maltreatment
  70. Strengthening family retention and relationships in home visiting programs through early screening and assessment practices
    Jared Lee Barton, Pegah Naemi, Jacklyn Biggs, Teri A. Garstka, Thomas C. Ball · 2020 · Children and Youth Services Review
  71. Exploring classroom practices associated with greater student engagement that may benefit low-income students in the early grades
    Caroline Christopher, Katherine Mackay Newman · 2022 · Frontiers in Education
  72. Measuring adverse childhood experiences by interviewing children at 9 and 10 years of age: Prevalence, concordance with mother-reports, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and subjective experience of being asked about adverse childhood experiences in FinnBrain Birth cohort study
    Eeva‐Leena Kataja, Jetro J. Tuulari, Linnéa Karlsson, Susanne Sinisalo, Tuomo-Artturi Autere, Laura Perasto, Aino Juusola, Essi Salama, Anna‐Katariina Aatsinki, Hasse Karlsson · 2025 · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
  73. Promoting Child Wellness: A Narrative Review of Positive Childhood Experiences
    Cynthia R. Rovnaghi, Donovan Castilla-Liu, Ashley M. Lee, Akul Shrivastava, Kanwaljeet J. S. Anand · 2025 · Behavioral Sciences
  74. Early Adverse Childhood Experiences and Exclusionary Discipline Practices in Middle Childhood
    Hyunji Lee, Lisa Ann Schelbe, Mary Elizabeth Rauktis · 2023 · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research
  75. Utilizing KAP in Schools: An Evaluation of Educators’ and Staff Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Trauma
    Olivia C. Heck, H. Ormiston, Polly R. Husmann · 2023 · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma
  76. Introducing Routine Assessment of Adverse Childhood Experiences For Looked-After Children: The Use and Properties of the Trauma and Adverse Life Events (TALE) Screening Tool
    Asa Kerr-Davis, Saul Hillman, Katharine Anderson, Richard Cross · 2023 · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma
  77. How do Differences in Adolescent and Caregiver Reports of Adolescent Adverse Childhood Experiences Relate to Adolescent Depression?
    Tatiana Ndjatou, Y. Qiu, Linda M. Gerber, Jane Chang · 2024 · Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice
  78. Childhood Environmental Instabilities and Their Behavioral Implications: A Machine Learning Approach to Studying Adverse Childhood Experiences
    Priscilla Mansah Codjoe, N. A. Tawiah, Daniel Alhassan · 2024 · Behavioral Science
  79. Implementing a School-Wide Trauma-Informed Education Approach: An Evaluation of Student-Outcomes during the First Year of Implementation
    Rianne Wassink- de Stigter, Wendy B. L. Nelen, Marc J. M. H. Delsing, Afra de Berk, Roel Kooijmans, Evelyne Offerman, Michiel W. Asselman, Karin S. Nijhof, Ramón Lindauer, Petra Helmond · 2024 · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma
  80. Diagnostiek en behandeling
    Peggy T. Cohen‐Kettenis, Annelou L. C. de Vries · 2013 · Pure Amsterdam UMC
  81. Students’ Social Self-Image and Engagement with Studies within the Classroom:A Qualitative Multimethod Research on Teachers’ Pedagogical Activities in Inclusive Education
    Suvi Lakkala, Satu Uusiautti, Outi Kyrö-Ämmälä, Perttu Gronfors · 2020 · LaCRIS (University of Lapland)
  82. Bringing a Neurobiological Perspective to Resilience
    Nicole R. Bush, Danielle S. Roubinov · 2021 · Oxford University Press eBooks
  83. Trauma-Informed Intervention with Children: Integrating the CANS Assessment with the ARC Framework in a Clinical Setting
    Jiyoung Kim Tabone, Carrie W. Rishel, Helen P. Hartnett, Kathy F. Szafran · 2021 · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma
  84. Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Developmental Outcomes for Head Start Eligible Low Income Children
    Kyunghee Lee, Jackie Markey · 2021 · Journal of Social Service Research
  85. Current impact and future consequences of the pandemic on children’s and adolescents’ health
    Nicolás Cacchiarelli San Román, Alfredo M Eymann, Jorge Roberto Ferraris · 2021 · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
  86. The long arm of adversity: Children's kindergarten math skills are associated with maternal childhood adversity
    Andrew Lynn, Kathryn Leigh Humphreys, Gavin R. Price · 2022 · Child Abuse & Neglect
  87. Childhood Protective Factors and Future Adult Health Outcomes in an Urban Environment
    Rachel Orbuch, W. Rosenow, Sana Yousuf, Karen Sheehan · 2022 · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma
  88. Examining the Relationships Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Student Generational Status, and Exam Performance in Emerging Adult Undergraduates
    Sarah K. York, Louise S. Chim, Jeremy Viczko, Patrick M. Nicoll, Cheiyenne Fontanilla, Andrea Kasian, Colette M. Smart · 2022 · Emerging Adulthood
  89. Measuring school engagement for youth involved with the child welfare system: a structured review of the literature
    Jamie L. Cage, Aaron Kemmerer, Karla Shockley McCarthy, Britney E. Pitts, Jessica Strolin-Goltzman, Muna Saleh · 2022 · Journal of Public Child Welfare
  90. Teachers’ attitudes toward trauma-informed practice: Associations with attachment and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
    Hannah Robertson, Karen Goodall, Daniel Kay · 2021 · Psychology of Education Review
  91. Screening for adverse childhood experiences among young people using drugs in Vietnam: related factors and clinical implications
    Thanh Luan Pham, Thuy Linh Nguyen, Kieu An Nguyen, John Paul Ekwaru, Olivier Phan, Laurent Michel, Thi Hai Oanh Khuat · 2023 · Journal of Public Health
  92. Historical Perspective of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease in Humans
    Lewis P. Rubin · 2015 · Elsevier eBooks
  93. Parent Perspectives on the Use of Group Well-Child Care to Address Toxic Stress in Early Childhood
    Lauren K. Graber, S. Roder-DeWan, Morgan Brockington, T. Tabb, Renée Boynton-Jarrett · 2018 · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma
  94. Adverse Childhood Experiences 101: A Primer for Clinicians
    Canan Karatekin, Brandon Almy · 2019 · Creative Nursing
  95. Association of Adverse Family Experiences with School Engagement and Performance in US Adolescents: Do Behavioral Health Conditions Mediate the Relationship?
    Adekemi O. Suleiman, Damion J. Grasso, Amy A. Hunter, Robert Alan Rosenheck, Taeho Greg Rhee · 2021 · Psychiatric Quarterly
  96. Why Do We Need A Child Psychiatric Nursing Specialty?
    Kathleen Ryan Delaney · 2015 · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
  97. Positive childhood experiences and adult mental health symptoms: A meta-analysis
    Yijing Zhang · 2025 · Development and Psychopathology
  98. Adverse Child Events (ACES) and their Negative, Long-Term
    Kim A. Hoffman · 2022 · Sílex
  99. The Role of Environmental Chemicals in the Etiology of Learning Difficulties: A Novel Theoretical Framework
    Amy E. Margolis, Paige B. Greenwood, Alex Dranovsky, Virginia Rauh · 2023 · Mind Brain and Education
  100. Scaling Family Voices and Engagement to Measure and Improve Systems Performance and Whole Child Health: Progress and Lessons from the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative
    Christina D. Bethell, Nora Wells, David Aaron Bergman, Colleen H. Peck Reuland, Scott P. Stumbo, Narangerel Gombojav, Lisa Simpson · 2023 · Maternal and Child Health Journal