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Cited by 9Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderBirth, Development, and HealthInfant Development and Preterm Care

Examining the relationship between birth weight and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis

Open access
Ni, Meng, Li, Lijuan, Li, Wei, Zhang, Qianqian, Zhao, Jiuru, Shen, Qianwen, Yao, Dongting, Wang, Tao +5 more·2023·Frontiers in Psychiatry
DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074783PMC PMC10244743
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Abstract

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that is prevalent in children worldwide. We evaluated the potential relationship between birth weight and ADHD using newly released data from the National Survey of Children’s Health 2019–2020. Methods: This population-based survey study used parent recollection data that were collected and submitted by 50 states and the District of Columbia to the National Survey of Children’s Health database from the National Survey of Children’s Health database. Those aged < 3 years and without birth weight or ADHD records were excluded. Children were stratified according to ADHD diagnosis and birth weight: very low birth weight (VLBW, < 1,500 g), low birth weight (LBW, 1,500–2,500 g), and normal birth weight (NBW, ≥ 2,500 g). Multivariable logistic regression was applied to examine the causal association between birth weight and ADHD while controlling for child and household characteristics. Results: The final sample consisted of 60,358 children, of whom 6,314 (9.0%) were reported to have an ADHD diagnosis. The prevalence of ADHD was 8.7% in NBW children, 11.5% in LBW, and 14.4% in VLBW. Compared with NBW children, LBW children [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.32 (95% CI, 1.03–1.68)], and VLBW children [aOR, 1.51 (95% CI, 1.06–2.15)] had a significantly higher risk of ADHD after adjusting all variables. These associations persisted in the male subgroups. Conclusion and relevance: This study found that LBW and VLBW children were at a higher risk of ADHD.

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  • Maternal smoking and alcohol exposure during pregnancy are associated with increased ADHD risk, likely through neurotoxic effects on fetal development.

    “Maternal smoking [61] and alcohol exposure [62] during pregnancy are associated with increased ADHD risk, likely through neurotoxic effects on fetal development.”

    From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [62]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies maternal alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy as ADHD risk factors and reports an association for maternal smoking in this study. It does not attribute those associations to neurotoxic effects on fetal development; the Introduction also says the causal relationship between prenatal risk factors and ADHD is unclear. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Nutritional insufficiencies, including low levels of omega-3 fatty acids and iron, have been implicated in ADHD symptom severity, though findings are less consistent.

    “Nutritional insufficiencies, including low levels of omega-3 fatty acids and iron, have been implicated in symptom severity, though findings are less consistent”

    From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [62]

    The Introduction and Discussion address birth weight, prenatal exposures, and other environmental factors in ADHD, but do not discuss omega-3 fatty acids, iron, or nutritional insufficiency in relation to symptom severity. Searches for those nutrients and dietary deficiencies found no relevant passage; the inconsistent results mentioned in Strengths and limitations concern stratification by adverse childhood experiences, not nutrition. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

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Authors
Ni, M., Li, L., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Shen, Q., Yao, D., Wang, T., Li, B., Ding, X., Qi, S., Huang, X., & Liu, Z.
Affiliations
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Huang, Xiaoyi
  • Liu, Zhiwei
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-05-24
Volume
14
Pages
1074783-1074783
ISSN
1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074783
PMC
PMC10244743
OpenAlex
W4378072478
Cited by
9
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
FWCI
1.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271742, 81974232)
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (21XD1403700)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, birth weight, low birth weight, very low birth weight, ADHD prevalence, neurodevelopmental disorders, children, National Survey of Children's Health

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