How Indigenous Communities Are Adapting To Climate Change: Insights From The Climate-Ready Tribes Initiative

May combine two claims.

There are limited resources and technical assistance available to implement climate change adaptation plans, and tribes can face structural barriers.

“However, there are limited resources and technical assistance available to implement climate change adaptation plans, and tribes can face structural barriers.11”

• cites [11] sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says federal agencies have not effectively changed health-related regulations to reflect tribal priorities, supporting the general point that tribes can face structural barriers. The resource shortages in §2.4 are part of hypothetical pollution-cleanup scenarios. Neither passage establishes limited resources or technical assistance for implementing climate change adaptation plans. (LLM, conf=0.80)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Climate change has significant impacts on human health.

“Climate change has significant impacts on human health.”

• cites [1] sourcePartly supported

  Section 3 (p. 6) says climate change and drought strain tribal water infrastructure, increasing tribes’ vulnerability to water-borne diseases. That supports a potential health impact, but the paper does not establish the claim’s broader assertion of significant impacts on human health generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Although climate change has an impact on all communities, Indigenous peoples are among the first and most severely affected.

“Although climate change has an impact on all communities, Indigenous peoples are among the first and most severely affected.2”

• cites [2] sourceCould not verify

  The discussion of Native communities’ environmental risks (p. 260) concerns toxic-substance exposure, and the Akwesasne example (p. 261) concerns contamination and its cultural effects. Searches for climate change, global warming, and disproportionate climate impacts found no passage saying Indigenous peoples are among the first or most severely affected by climate change. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Increases in heat waves, shifts in wildland fire seasons, more extreme precipitation events, ecosystem changes leading to vectorborne diseases, and changes in aeroallergens can exacerbate underlying health conditions and lead to morbidity and mortality.

“Increases in heat waves, shifts in wildland fire seasons, more extreme precipitation events, ecosystem changes leading to vectorborne diseases, and changes in aeroallergens (such as pollen) can all exacerbate underlying health conditions and lead to morbidity and mortality.1”

• cites [1] sourceCould not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Climate change directly threatens human health, with substantial impacts on Indigenous peoples, who are uniquely vulnerable because climate-related events affect their practices, lifeways, self-determination, and physical and cultural health.

“Climate change directly threatens human health, with substantial impacts on Indigenous peoples, who are uniquely vulnerable as climate-related events affect their practices, lifeways, self-determination, and physical and cultural health.”

• cites [2] sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [5] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [6] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Relocation necessitated by climate change could force people to leave ancestral lands, with direct impacts on mental health, social capital, food security, water supply, sanitation, infectious diseases, injury, and health care access.

“Also, relocation necessitated by climate change could force people to leave the lands where their ancestors have lived for thousands of years, with direct impacts on mental health, social capital, food security, water supply, sanitation, infectious diseases, injury, and health care access.7”

• cites [7] sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction links Swinomish health to lands and waters, and Section 2 discusses possible social, mental, and physical health effects from climate-related changes to first-food habitats. But our copy does not address climate-driven relocation or the claimed list of its direct health impacts (searched for relocation, displacement, sanitation, infectious disease, and health-care access). No page numbers were available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The best practices and lessons learned from the funded tribes are shared widely, as are any relevant outputs such as communication products.

“The best practices and lessons learned from the funded tribes are shared widely, as are any relevant outputs such as communication products.13”

• cites [13] sourceCould not verify

  The Discussion and conclusions section discusses public engagement with marine climate change and recommends ways to communicate about it. Our copy does not address funded tribes or say that their lessons learned and communication products are shared widely (searched: funded tribes, lessons learned, communication products, and dissemination). No page numbers were available for the passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Normally, BRACE is a five-step process that helps health officials develop strategies to prepare for the health effects of climate change.

“Normally, BRACE is a five-step process that helps health officials develop strategies to prepare for the health effects of climate change.15”

• cites [15] sourceCould not verify

  The Discussion section on food security and resilience concerns ancient clam gardens, not a public-health planning process. Searches for BRACE, a five-step process, and a climate-health adaptation framework found no passage in our copy addressing the claim; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

BRACE involves incorporating complex atmospheric data and short- and long-range climate projections into public health planning and response activities.

“BRACE involves incorporating complex atmospheric data and short- and long-range climate projections into public health planning and response activities.”

• cites [15] sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Methods passages concern clam gardens and shellfish productivity, not public-health planning. Searches for BRACE, atmospheric data, and climate projections found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: BRACE involves incorporating complex atmospheric data and short- and long-range climate projections into public health planning and response activities.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Evidence shows that climate change will continue to affect tribal health, and thus health should be considered in tribal climate policies.

“Evidence shows that climate change will continue to affect tribal health, and thus health should be considered in tribal climate policies.2”

• cites [2] sourcePartly supported

  The paper argues that Native Nations should be involved in environmental decisions affecting their people and that health should be considered alongside social, cultural, and ecological impacts (discussion of risk assessment, pp. 259–263). It discusses contamination and environmental risk, but does not address climate change, its continuing effects on tribal health, or tribal climate policies. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The CRTI has resulted in increased collaboration, novel and innovative climate change adaptation strategies, and incorporation of health into existing tribal climate policies.

“The CRTI has resulted in increased collaboration, novel and innovative climate change adaptation strategies, and incorporation of health into existing tribal climate policies.”

May combine two claims.

The Climate-Ready Tribes Initiative has funded tribes, shared information nationally, and supported a learning cohort, resulting in pioneering work to protect health from climate hazards.

“The initiative has funded tribes, shared information nationally, and supported a learning cohort, resulting in pioneering work to protect health from climate hazards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These materials were provided at community meetings, cultural gatherings, and tribal events and are on the Environmental Department's climate change web page.

“These materials were provided at community meetings, cultural gatherings, and tribal events and are on the Environmental Department’s climate change web page.14”

• cites [14] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The framework is a work in progress, and the COVID-19 pandemic is providing the first urgent opportunity to put the framework into practice.

“The framework is a work in progress, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, although not a directly climate-related event, is providing the first urgent opportunity to put the framework into practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Funding has been provided for multiyear projects, ranging from $45,000 to $85,000 per year, as well as for one-year, communication-focused mini-grants of approximately $5,000 each.

“Funding has been provided for multiyear projects, ranging from $45,000 to $85,000 per year, as well as for one-year, communication-focused mini-grants of approximately $5,000 each.”

May combine two claims.

Of the ten tribes that have participated in the Climate-Ready Tribes Initiative, six have implemented multiyear projects: three in the 2017-18 cohort and three in the current cohort.

“Of the ten tribes that have participated in the Climate-Ready Tribes Initiative, six have implemented multiyear projects: three in the 2017–18 cohort and three in the current cohort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A yearly site visit or in-person training is held for staff from funded tribes.

“A yearly site visit or in-person training is held for staff from funded tribes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska is implementing a climate and health communication strategy to inform community members of climate-related hazards, including specific outreach to farmers.

“Finally, the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska is implementing a climate and health communication strategy to inform community members of climate-related hazards, including specific outreach to farmers.”

May combine two claims.

High temperatures, wildfire, storms and flooding, and drought were identified by tribal members as major concerns, yet discussions revealed that few participants were aware of most of the potential consequences of these concerns to individual and community health and wellness.

“High temperatures, wildfire, storms and flooding, and drought were identified by tribal members as major concerns, yet discussions revealed that few participants were aware of most of the potential consequences of these concerns to individual and community health and wellness.”

May combine two claims.

The Swinomish tailored the BRACE framework to create I-BRACE, incorporating Indigenous concepts of health and enhancing the framework's applicability and attention to equity by incorporating a model of Indigenous values based data collection, analysis, and decision making.

“The Swinomish tailored the BRACE framework to create I-BRACE, incorporating Indigenous concepts of health and enhancing the framework’s applicability and attention to equity by incorporating a model of Indigenous values based data collection, analysis, and decision making.”

May combine two claims.

Tribal members recognized that climate change affected culturally significant species and landscapes but had not considered how to enhance psychosocial resilience in the face of those effects.

“Tribal members recognized that climate change affected culturally significant species and landscapes but had not considered how to enhance psychosocial resilience in the face of those effects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In their outreach materials, the tribe showed how existing practices, such as sage burning and traditional blessings, can be used to ease climate-related stress and anxiety.

“For instance, in their outreach materials, the tribe showed how existing practices, such as sage burning and traditional blessings, can be used to ease climate-related stress and anxiety.”

May combine two claims.

The initiative has provided competitive funding and direct technical assistance to ten tribes.

“The initiative has provided competitive funding and direct technical assistance to ten tribes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Greenville Rancheria is building community health department capacity to communicate and respond to power outages during wildland fires and other disasters.

“Greenville Rancheria is building community health department capacity to communicate and respond to power outages during wildland fires and other disasters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the next step of I-BRACE, Swinomish staff worked with modelers to forecast how climate change would impact the habitats of key Swinomish foods.

“For the next step of I-BRACE, Swinomish staff worked with modelers to forecast how climate change would impact the habitats of key Swinomish foods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Pala Band of Mission Indians is developing climate and health communication and outreach materials tailored to community needs, including culture-based psychosocial resilience strategies.

“The Pala Band of Mission Indians is developing climate and health communication and outreach materials tailored to community needs, including culture-based psychosocial resilience strategies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

During the pandemic, the tribe is providing community resources for physical and emotional support-such as food distribution, wellness checks on elders, and socially distanced performances of traditional bird songs-that highlight Pala's connectedness and resilience.

“During the pandemic, the tribe is providing community resources for physical and emotional support—such as food distribution, wellness checks on elders, and socially distanced performances of traditional bird songs—that highlight Pala’s connectedness and resilience.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The framework proposes an approach for promoting connectedness, calming, hope, safety, and self-efficacy in the service of strengthening psychosocial resilience.

“The framework proposes an approach for promoting connectedness, calming, hope, safety, and self-efficacy in the service of strengthening psychosocial resilience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Swinomish staff facilitated a series of community discussions about the modeling projections with a wide demographic of tribal community participants.

“Next, Swinomish staff facilitated a series of community discussions about the modeling projections with a wide demographic of tribal community participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kaw Nation completed local community education and outreach related to climate and health.

“Kaw Nation completed local community education and outreach related to climate and health.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Pala's vulnerability assessment also revealed a need to inform the community about how climate change affects cultural, physical, and environmental health and wellness and how to support community members in managing these impacts.

“Pala’s vulnerability assessment also revealed a need to inform the community about how climate change affects cultural, physical, and environmental health and wellness and how to support community members in managing these impacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Sitka Tribe of Alaska is coordinating a regional project to monitor shellfish contamination related to warming temperatures and shifting climate.

“The Sitka Tribe of Alaska is coordinating a regional project to monitor shellfish contamination related to warming temperatures and shifting climate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lummi Nation is developing plans to protect their community from harmful algal blooms and toxins in shellfish that are influenced by warming waters.

“Lummi Nation is developing plans to protect their community from harmful algal blooms and toxins in shellfish that are influenced by warming waters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both projects have been shared widely through webinars, conference presentations, and online learning modules.

“Both projects have been shared widely through webinars, conference presentations, and online learning modules.22”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The CRTI's direct funding has enabled tribes to implement interventions specific to their needs, but the initiative's direct funding impact is small: Only ten tribes have been funded of the 574 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native nations in the US.

“The CRTI’s direct funding has enabled tribes to implement interventions specific to their needs, but the initiative’s direct funding impact is small: Only ten tribes have been funded of the 574 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native nations in the US.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The NIHB and the CDC have simplified and shortened the application process for the CRTI, compared with a standard CDC Notice of Funding Opportunity, to reduce the burden of applying and have ensured that only tribes are eligible to alleviate competition for funding with states and cities.

“The NIHB and the CDC have simplified and shortened the application process for the CRTI, compared with a standard CDC Notice of Funding Opportunity, to reduce the burden of applying and have ensured that only tribes are eligible to alleviate competition for funding with states and cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This approach has been successful for the CRTI, which uses a relatively short funding application form and informative webinars during the application window to assist potential applicants.

“This approach has been successful for the CRTI, which uses a relatively short funding application form and informative webinars during the application window to assist potential applicants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Swinomish obtained funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-BRACE approach, the influence of the project on addressing climate health impacts and advancing health equity locally and regionally, and how other communities may learn from this values-based approach to tackle similar issues.

“For the final step, evaluation, the Swinomish obtained funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant No. 76577) to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-BRACE approach, the influence of the project on addressing climate health impacts and advancing health equity locally and regionally, and how other communities may learn from this values-based approach to tackle similar issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on these rankings, Swinomish staff identified climate change adaptation strategies related to the three most important health indicators.

“Based on these rankings, Swinomish staff identified climate change adaptation strategies related to the three most important health indicators.”

May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples often live in close connection with the land; many communities participate in subsistence activities and spend time outdoors for cultural or spiritual purposes.

“Indigenous peoples often live in close connection with the land; many communities participate in subsistence activities (such as hunting and fishing) and spend time outdoors for cultural or spiritual purposes.”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

American Indians and Alaska Natives have the lowest life expectancy of any US ethnic group, and in some communities health disparities are growing.

“American Indians and Alaska Natives have the lowest life expectancy of any US ethnic group, and in some communities health disparities are growing.8”

• cites [8] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Lessons learned from the Climate-Ready Tribes Initiative can inform climate and health policy and practice nationwide.

“Lessons learned from the Climate-Ready Tribes Initiative can inform climate and health policy and practice nationwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Traditionally, Indigenous peoples recognize deep connections between their people, their waters and lands, and animal and plant life.

“Traditionally, Indigenous peoples recognize deep connections between their people, their waters and lands, and animal and plant life.3,4”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As global temperatures continue to rise and climate change continues, health impacts are expected to worsen.

“As global temperatures continue to rise and climate change continues, health impacts are expected to worsen.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional food is often important not only as a source of nutrition, especially in remote areas where many tribes are located, but also for its cultural and spiritual significance.

“Traditional food is often important not only as a source of nutrition, especially in the remote areas where many tribes are located, but also forits cultural and spiritual significance.”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Values-driven community data provides information important for defining what health means, establishing health priorities, and specifying preferred actions to maintain or improve health.

“This provides information that is important for defining what health means, establishing health priorities, and specifying preferred actions to maintain or improve health.10”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Existing health and socioeconomic disparities can increase vulnerability to climate change impacts through exacerbation of existing health issues, challenges accessing care, systemic health care system inequity, and stresses from high rates of poverty and geographic isolation.

“This can increase vulnerability to impacts from climate change resulting from the exacerbation of existing health issues, challenges accessing care, systemic health care system inequity, and stresses from high rates of poverty and geographic isolation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

To make decisions that reflect community priorities, communities require information about the consequences of climate change on things that they care about and the opportunity to deliberate and provide input on the importance of the identified impacts.

“To make decisions that reflect community priorities, communities require information about the consequences of climate change on things that they care about and the opportunity to deliberate and provide input on the importance of the identified impacts.18–20”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The framework can be adapted to individual tribal communities based on their values, traditions, and cultural practices.

“The framework can be adapted to individual tribal communities based on their values, traditions, and cultural practices.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Indigenous Health Indicators are community connection, natural resources security, cultural use and practices, education (the Swinomish teachings), self-determination, and resilience.

“These indicators are community connection, natural resources security, cultural use and practices, education (the Swinomish teachings), self-determination, and resilience.10,17”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pala's ability to build capacity to address climate change impacts is complicated by a variety of cultural, political, social, economic, and environmental conditions.

“Pala’s ability to build capacity to address climate change impacts is complicated by a variety of cultural, political, social, economic, and environmental conditions.”

May combine two claims.

Although intertribal collaboration has proved extremely valuable, partner tribes often face limited funding and support.

“Although intertribal collaboration has proved extremely valuable, partner tribes often face limited funding and support.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Intertribal collaboration has proved extremely valuable.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

San Diego County does not include tribal lands in its climate data, and existing climate planning by surrounding nontribal governments on the local, state, and federal levels has not been inclusive of tribal needs or voices.

“For example, San Diego County does not include tribal lands in its climate data, and existing climate planning by surrounding nontribal governments on the local, state, and federal levels has not been inclusive of tribal needs or voices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smaller tribes may need additional training and support to implement their projects or could benefit from collaboration with outside partners.

“Smaller tribes may need additional training and support to implement their projects or could benefit from collaboration with outside partners.”

May combine two claims.

The initiative is a starting point-it expands capacity and supports a network of information sharing and collection of best practices so that communities have access to resources and technical support.

“The initiative is a starting point—it expands capacity and supports a network of information sharing and collection of best practices so that communities have access to resources and technical support.”

May combine two claims.

Pala's standing as a sovereign nation is not always acknowledged or understood by its nontribal neighbors, and state and local government agencies do not always view Pala as an equal partner in discussions about and potential strategies for adapting to climate change.

“Pala’s standing as a sovereign nation is not always acknowledged or understood by its nontribal neighbors, and state and local government agencies do not always view Pala as an equal partner in discussions about and potential strategies for adapting to climate change.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Each Indigenous community's values may be different; I-BRACE ensures that a community's unique values set the stage for the rest of the process.

“Each Indigenous community’s values may be different; I-BRACE ensures that a community’s unique values set the stage for the rest of the process.”

May combine two claims.

Capacity building, including training and funding, is critical to ensure that tribes can implement programs tailored to their specific needs-but tribes consistently face capacity challenges.

“Capacity building, including training and funding, is critical to ensure that tribes can implement programs tailored to their specific needs—but tribes consistently face capacity challenges.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Many tribes, especially smaller ones, have few staff members who may work in several different roles.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

"Health" is shaped by the many interrelated relationships among humans, non-human beings, and nature.

““Health” is shaped by the many interrelated relationships among humans, non–human beings, and nature.”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For the Swinomish, health values are embodied in the Indigenous Health Indicators, which are not represented in conventional public health assessments.

“For the Swinomish, health values are embodied in the Indigenous Health Indicators, which are not represented in conventional public health assessments.”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biophysical health plays a role, but it is not the sole factor in determining health.

“Biophysical health plays a role, but it is not the sole factor in determining health.”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Although short-term activities can still be fruitful, long-term activities help ensure continuity of capacity and the prolonged ability to prepare for climate change by implementing interventions.

“Although short-term activities can still be fruitful, long-term activities help ensure continuity of capacity and the prolonged ability to prepare for climate change by implementing interventions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Short-term activities can still be fruitful.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Swinomish beliefs, physical health status is often the outcome of social, cultural, mental, environmental, and intellectual health.

“In Swinomish beliefs, physical health status is often the outcome of social, cultural, mental, environmental, and intellectual health.10,16,17”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Swinomish are fishing, hunting, and gathering people, and harvesting, preparing, and using Swinomish foods and medicines are integral to the sociocultural community fabric.

“The Swinomish are fishing, hunting, and gathering people, and harvesting, preparing, and using Swinomish foods and medicines are integral to the sociocultural community fabric.”

• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

It can be challenging for tribes to successfully compete for funding from the federal government as a result of oversight or lack of capacity, and funding given to states cannot be guaranteed to include tribal projects or pass-through funding to tribal nations.

“It can be challenging for tribes to successfully compete for funding from the federal government as a result of oversight or lack of capacity, and funding given to states cannot be guaranteed to include tribal projects or pass-through funding to tribal nations.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It can be challenging for tribes to successfully compete for funding from the federal government as a result of oversight or lack of capacity.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Funding given to states cannot be guaranteed to include tribal projects or pass-through funding to tribal nations.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This not only supports tribal self-determination and sovereignty but also allows tribes to identify impacts on their communities during the development process.

“This not only supports tribal self-determination and sovereignty but also allows tribes to identify impacts on their communities during the development process.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because of the vast diversity of tribes (by location, size, expected climate change impacts, health status, and other factors), solutions often vary between communities.

“Because of the vast diversity of tribes (by location, size, expected climate change impacts, health status, and other factors), solutions often vary between communities.”

May combine two claims.

Although every tribe will have specific climate hazards and sensitivities, Pala's Tribal Psychosocial Climate Resilience Framework and the Swinomish's modified I-BRACE framework are designed to help tribal communities incorporate their own data and traditional knowledges into climate change adaptation work.

“Although every tribe will have specific climate hazards and sensitivities, Pala’s Tribal Psychosocial Climate Resilience Framework and the Swinomish’s modified I-BRACE framework are designed to help tribal communities incorporate their own data and traditional knowledges into climate change adaptation work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There are currently no other dedicated funding sources from the federal government specifically for tribal climate and health initiatives; however, the Environmental Protection Agency's Indian Environmental General Assistance Program and the Bureau of Indian Affairs' Tribal Resilience Program have been leveraged to support some tribal climate and health activities.

“There are currently no other dedicated funding sources from the federal government specifically for tribal climate and health initiatives; however, the Environmental Protection Agency’s Indian Environmental General Assistance Program and the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ Tribal Resilience Program have been leveraged to support some tribal climate and health activities.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There are currently no other dedicated funding sources from the federal government specifically for tribal climate and health initiatives.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Tribal involvement in federal- and state-level climate policy decisions may improve climate change adaptation effectiveness, although some tribes may be hesitant to work directly with state governments, as their legal government-to-government relationship is with the federal government.

“Tribal involvement in federal- and state-level climate policy decisions may improve climate change adaptation effectiveness, although some tribes may be hesitant to work directly with state governments, as their legal government-to-government relationship is with the federal government.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Some tribes may be hesitant to work directly with state governments, as their legal government-to-government relationship is with the federal government.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These are new frameworks, and planned evaluations will demonstrate how effective they are for protecting tribal communities from the health impacts of climate change.

“These are new frameworks, and planned evaluations will demonstrate how effective they are for protecting tribal communities from the health impacts of climate change.”

May combine two claims.

Clam gardens are an ancient Indigenous technology that increases bivalve biodiversity and populations and may attenuate climate impacts such as storm surge and ocean acidification.

“Clam gardens are an ancient Indigenous technology that increases bivalve biodiversity and populations and may attenuate climate impacts such as storm surge and ocean acidification.21”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The Swinomish framework, beginning with identifying health values, could be widely implemented to help tribes determine their own priorities and conceptions of health.

“However, the Swinomish framework, beginning with identifying health values, could be widely implemented to help tribes determine their own priorities and conceptions of health.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The initiative is relatively new and much smaller than the existing CDC Climate-Ready States and Cities Initiative, with room for expansion and engagement with additional collaborators.

“The initiative is relatively new and much smaller than the existing CDC Climate-Ready States and Cities Initiative,23 with room for expansion and engagement with additional collaborators.”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Pala's psychosocial resilience framework could be similarly tailored to the specific values and needs of individual tribes.

“Pala’s psychosocial resilience framework could be similarly tailored to the specific values and needs of individual tribes.”