L2 irregular verb morphology: Exploring behavioral data from intermediate English learners of German as a foreign language using generalized mixed effects models
Open accessAbstract
This paper examines possible psycholinguistic mechanisms governing stem vowel changes of irregular verbs in intermediate English learners of German as a foreign language (GFL). In Experiment 1, nonce-infinitives embedded in an authentic fictional text had to be inflected for German preterite, thus testing possible analogy driven pattern associations. Experiment 2 explored the psycholinguistic reality of the so-called apophonic path by prompting two inflections for one given nonce-word. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed effects models accounting for within-subject as well as within-item variance. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 support the notion of a pattern associator and yield only scarce evidence for the psycholinguistic reality of a universal apophonic path. Therefore, the organization of irregular verb morphology in the mental lexicon of intermediate GFL learners might best be captured by the linguistic notion of structured lexical entries as well as the psycholinguistic mechanism of an analogy-based pattern associator.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Overt instruction enhances L2 learners' morphological knowledge and enhances the ability of L2 learners writing skills in the target language.
“The findings of this study support previous studies that overt instruction enhances L2 learners' morphological knowledge and enhances the ability of L2 learners writing skills in the target language (Khan, 2022;Wagner, 2017;Schuwerk, 2004;Krashen, 1989;Stephens, 1977).”
From Transformative impacts of explicit morphological instruction on irregular inflectional acquisition in Saudi EFL learners (2024) · cites this paper as Wagner, 2017
The Conclusion (section 7; page unavailable) does not report that overt instruction improves morphological knowledge or writing skills. Instead, it says instruction focused on morphological analysis would be of little help if learners rely on analogical generalization, while suggesting only that a crosslinguistic focus on forms could benefit English-speaking learners of German. The paper does not assess writing skills. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe findings of this study align with previous research studies that morphological knowledge builds the ability to understand complex lexemes and enhances writing and reading competence.
“The findings of this study align with previous research studies that morphological knowledge builds the ability to understand complex lexemes and enhances writing and reading competence (Ginsberg et al. 2011;Wagner, 2017).”
From Transformative impacts of explicit morphological instruction on irregular inflectional acquisition in Saudi EFL learners (2024) · cites this paper as Wagner, 2017
The Conclusion (page not available) reports that intermediate learners of German could form new verb inflections by analogy. It does not address whether morphological knowledge improves understanding of complex lexemes or reading and writing competence; searches for those outcomes found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
References 59 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 56
- Aha, D. W., Kibler, D., & Albert, M. K. (1991). Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine Learning, 6, 37-66. doi: 10.1007/BF00153759 · DOI
- Albright, A. (2009). Modeling analogy as probabilistic grammar. In J. P. Blevins & J. Blevins (Eds.), Analogy in grammar. Form and acquisition (pp. 185-204). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Albright, A., & Hayes, B. (2003). Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: A com- putational/experimental study. Cognition, 90(2), 119-161. doi: 10.1016/S 0010-0277(03)00146-X · DOI
- Anderson, S. R. (1988). Morphological theory. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguis- tics: The Cambridge survey. Vol. I. Linguistic theory: Foundations (pp. 146- 191). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Baayen, R. H. (2003). Probabilistic approaches to morphology. In R. Bod, J. B. Hay, & S. Jannedy (Eds.), Probabilistic linguistics (pp. 229-287). Cambridge, MA.
- Baayen, R. H., & Hay, J. B. (2005). Shifting paradigms: Gradient structure in morphology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(7), 342-348. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.002 · DOI
- Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 390-412. doi: org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005 · DOI · Paper page
- Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255-278. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 · DOI · Paper page
- Bates D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-ef- fects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · DOI · Paper page
- Berko, J. (1958). The child's learning of English morphology. Word, 14, 150-77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1958.11659661 · DOI
- Burgess, A. (1972). A clockwork orange. London: Penguin.
- Bybee, J. (1988). Morphology as lexical organisation. In M. Hammond & M. Noonam (Eds.), Theoretical approaches to morphology (pp. 119-141). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Bybee, J. (1995). Regular morphology and the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Pro- cesses, 10(5), 425-455. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690969508407111 · DOI · Paper page
- Bybee, J., & Newman, J. (1995). Are stem changes as natural as affixes? Linguis- tics, 33(4), 633-654. doi: 10.1515/ling.1995.33.4.633 · DOI
- Bybee, J., & Moder, C. L. (1983). Morphological classes as natural categories. Language, 59, 251-270. doi: 10.2307/413574 · DOI
- Bybee, J., & Slobin, D. I. (1982). Rules and schemas in the development and use of the English past tense. Language, 58, 265-289. doi: 10.2307/414099 · DOI
- Clahsen, H. (1997). The representation of German participles in the German mental lexicon: Evidence for the dual-mechanism model. In G. Booij & J. v. Marle (Eds.), Yearbook of morphology 1996 (pp. 73-96). Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic.
- Clahsen, H. (1999). Lexical entries and rules of language: A multidisciplinary study of German inflection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 991-1060. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X99002228 · DOI
- Clahsen, H., Eisenbeiß, S., & Sonnenstuhl-Henning, I. (1997). Morphological structure and the processing of inflected words. Theoretical Linguistics, 23, 201-249. doi: 10.1515/thli.1997.23.3.201 · DOI
- Clahsen, H., Felser, C., Neubauer, K., Sato, M., & Silva, R. (2010). Morphological structure in native and nonnative language processing. Language Learn- ing, 60, 21-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000648 · DOI
- Clahsen, H., Hadler, M., & Weyerts, H. (2004). Speeded production of inflected words in children and adults. Journal Child Language, 31(3), 683-712. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0305000904006506 Council of Europe (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. · DOI
- Cunnings, I., & Finlayson, I. (2015). Mixed effects modeling and longitudinal data analysis. In L. Plonsky (Ed.), Advancing quantitative methods in second language research (pp. 159-181). New York: Routledge.
- Cunnings, I., & Linck, J. A. (2015). The utility and application of mixed-effects models in second language research. Language Learning, 65(1), 185-207. doi: 10.1111/lang.12117 · DOI
- Eddington, D. (2000). Analogy and the dual-route model of morphology. Lingua, 110(4), 281-298. doi: 10.1.1.123.9060
- Eddington, D. (2004). Issues in modelling language processing analogically. Lin- gua, 114(7), 849-871. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3841(03)00063-9 · DOI
- Godfroid, A., & Uggen, M. S. (2013). Attention to irregular verbs by beginning learners of German. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(2), 291- 322. doi: 10.1017/S0272263112000897 · DOI
- Goebel, R., & Indefrey, P. (2000). A recurrent network with short-term memory capacity learning the German s-plural. In P. Broeder & J. Murre (Eds.), Models of language acquisition. Inductive and deductive approaches (pp. 177-200). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Gor, K., & Chernigovskaya, T. (2005). Formal instruction and the acquisition of verbal morphology. In A. Housen & M. Pierrard (Eds.), Investigations in instructed second language acquisition (pp. 131-166). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Gries, S. T. (2015). The most under-used statistical method in corpus linguistics: Multi-level (and mixed-effects) models. Corpora, 10(1), 95-125. doi: 10.3366/cor.2015.0068 · DOI
- Hahne, A., Müller, J., & Clahsen, H. (2006). Morphological processing in a second language: Behavioural and event-related potential evidence for storage and decomposition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 121-134. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892906775250067 · DOI
- Hothorn, T., Hornik, K., & Zeileis, A. (2006). Unbiased recursive partitioning: A con- ditional inference framework. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statis- tics, 15(3), 651-674. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/106186006X133933 · DOI · Paper page
- Jaeger, T. F. (2008). Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transfor- mation or not) and towards logit mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 434-446. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.11.007 · DOI · Paper page
- Lemhöfer, K., & Radach, R. (2009). Task context effects in bilingual nonword pro- cessing. Experimental Psychology, 56(1), 41-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027 /1618-3169.56.1.41 · DOI
- Lück, M., Hahne, A., & Clahsen, H. (2006). Brain potentials to morphologically complex words during listening. Brain Research, 1077, 144-152. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.030 · DOI
- Marusch, T., von der Malsbur, T., Bastiaanse, R., & Burchert, F. (2012). Tense mor- phology in German agrammatism. The production of regular, irregular and mixed verbs. The Mental Lexicon, 7(3), 351-380. doi: 10.1075/ml.7.3.05mar Murphy, V. A. (2004). Dissociable systems in second language inflectional mor- phology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(3), 433-459. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104263033 · DOI
- Neubauer, K., & Clahsen, H. (2009). Decomposition of inflected words in a second language: An experimental study of German participles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31, 403-435. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S027226 3109090354 · DOI
- Orsolini M., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1997). Universals in morphological repre- sentation: Evidence from Italian. Language and Cognitive Processes, 12, 1-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016909697386899 · DOI
- Penke, M., Wimmer, E., Hennies, J., Hess, M., & Rothweiler, M. (2014). Inflec- tional morphology in German hearing-impaired children. Logopedics Pho- niatrics Vocology, 41(1), 9-26. doi: 10.3109/14015439.2014.940382 · DOI
- Pinker, S., & Ullman, M. T. (2002). Combination and structure, not gradedness, is the issue. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 472-474. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02013-2 · DOI
- Pliatsikas, C., & Marinis, T. (2013). Processing of regular and irregular past tense mor- phology in highly proficient L2 learners of English: A self-paced reading study. Applied Psycholinguistics, 34, 943-970. doi:10.1017/S0142716412000082 · DOI
- Prasada, S., & Pinker, S. (1993). Generalization of regular and irregular morpho- logical patterns. Language and Cognitive Processes, 8, 1-56. doi: http://dx. doi.org/10.1080/0169096930840694 · DOI
- Ramscar, M. J. A. (2002). The role of meaning in inflection: Why the past tense does not require a rule. Cognitive Psychology, 45, 45-94. doi: 10.1016/S001 0-0285(02)00001-4 · DOI
- Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 192-232. doi: doi.apa.org/jour- nals/xge/104/3/192.pdf
- Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family resemblance: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573-605. doi: 10.1016/00 10-0285(75)90024-9 · DOI · Paper page
- Ruh, N., & Westermann, G. (2008). A Single-mechanism dual-route model of German verb inflection. In B. C. Love, K. McRae, & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 2209-2214). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
- Ségéral, P., & Scheer, T. (1998). A generalized theory of ablaut: The case of mod- ern German strong verbs. In R. Fabri, A. Ortmann, & T. Parodi (Eds.), Mod- els of inflection (pp. 28-59). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
- Smolka, E., Khader, P. H., Wiese, R., Zwitserlood, P., & Rösler, F. (2013). Electro- physiological evidence for the continuous processing of linguistic catego- ries of regular and irregular verb inflection in German. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(8), 1284-1304. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00384 · DOI
- Smolka, E., Zwitserlood, P., & Rösler, F. (2007). Stem access in regular and irreg- ular inflection: Evidence from German participles. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(3), 325-347. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.04.005 · DOI
- Strobach, T., & Schönpflug, U. (2011). Can a connectionist model explain the processing of regularly and irregularly inflected words in German as L1 and L2? International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(4), 446-465. doi: 10.1177/ 1367006911403205 · DOI
- Thiele, J., & Markussen, B. (2012). Potential of GLMM in modelling invasive spread. CAB Reviews, 7, 1-10. doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20127016 · DOI
- Trompelt, H., Bordag, D., & Pechmann, T. (2013). (Ir)regularity of verbs revisited: Evidence for lexical entry complexity. The Mental Lexicon, 8(1), 26-52. doi: 10.1075/ml.8.1.02tro Ullman, M. T. (2001). A neurocognitive perspective on language: The declara- tive/procedural model. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 2(10), 717-726. doi: 10.1038/35094573 · DOI · Paper page
- Westermann, G., Willshaw, D., & Penke, M. (1999). A constructivist neural net- work model of German verb inflections in agrammatic aphasia. In Pro- ceedings of ICANN99 (pp. 916-921). Edinburgh: IET Publishing.
- Whitaker, H. A. (2006). Words in the mind, words in the brain: Preface to inau- gural issue of The Mental Lexicon. The Mental Lexicon, 1(1), 3-5. doi: 10.1075/ml.1.1.02wh Wiese, B. (2008): Form and function of verbal ablaut in contemporary standard German. In R. Sackmann (Ed.), Explorations in integrational linguistics. Four essays on German, French, and Guaraní (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 285) (pp. 97-151). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. · DOI
- Wiese, R. (2000). The phonology of German. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wunderlich, D. (1996). Minimalist morphology: The role of paradigms. In G. Booij & J. van Marle (Eds.), Yearbook of morphology 1995 (pp. 93-114). Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic.
- Wunderlich, D., & Fabri, R. (1995). Minimalist morphology: An approach to in- flection. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 14(2), 236-294. doi: 10.1515/ zfsw.1995.14.2.236 · DOI
- Authors
- Wagner, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Education Upper Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Wagner, Thomas
- ORCID
- Wagner, Thomas
- Venue
- Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
- Publisher
- Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan
- Published
- 2017-09-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 535-556
- ISSN
- 2083-5205 (ISSN-L)
- 2084-1965
- OpenAlex
- W2762168106
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Pressto (Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- German as a foreign language, mental lexicon, second language acquisition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review