The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The brief Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is commonly used to screen for depression with 10 often recommended as the cut-off score. We summarized the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 across a range of studies and cut-off scores to select the optimal cut-off for detecting depression. METHODS: We searched Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO from 1999 to August 2010 for studies that reported the diagnostic accuracy of PHQ-9 to diagnose major depressive disorders. We calculated summary sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratios for detecting major depressive disorder at different cut-off scores and in different settings. We used random-effects bivariate meta-analysis at cutoff points between 7 and 15 to produce summary receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: We identified 18 validation studies (n = 7180) conducted in various clinical settings. Eleven studies provided details about the diagnostic properties of the questionnaire at more than one cut-off score (including 10), four studies reported a cut-off score of 10, and three studies reported cut-off scores other than 10. The pooled specificity results ranged from 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.82) for a cut-off score of 7 to 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.97) for a cut-off score of 15. There was major variability in sensitivity for cut-off scores between 7 and 15. There were no substantial differences in the pooled sensitivity and specificity for a range of cut-off scores (8-11). INTERPRETATION: The PHQ-9 was found to have acceptable diagnostic properties for detecting major depressive disorder for cut-off scores between 8 and 11. Authors of future validation studies should consistently report the outcomes for different cut-off scores.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“total scores ≥ 10 are used to indicate clinically significant depressive symptoms [35] with 88% sensitivity and 88% specificity [28].”
From Internet videoconferencing delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Scoring ≥10 suggests a likely depression diagnosis. 38”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis concluded that it is a good screening tool for the detection of depression (Manea et al., 2012).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated sound psychometric properties (Manea et al., 2012).”
From Health Anxiety and Mental Health Outcome During COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Psychological Flexibility (2020) · cites this paper as Manea et al., 2012
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“As individuals with subthreshold symptoms benefit from iCBT, diagnosis is not required for iCBT. 38”
From Utilization, Patient Characteristics, and Longitudinal Improvements among Patients from a Provincially Funded Transdiagnostic Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Program: Observational Study of Trends over 6 Years (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the citing paper
“Although originally developed as a measure to detect generalized anxiety disorder32, the operating characteristics of the GAD-7 are nearly as good for the other common anxiety disorders in clinical practice – panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.23”
From Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale: Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“The Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale (PHQ-9) and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are among the best validated and most commonly used depression and anxiety measures, respectively.20-25”
From Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale: Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“According to recent meta-analyses, a PHQ-9 score of 10 has 85% sensitivity and 89% specificity for diagnosing major depressive disorder (Manea, Gilbody, & McMillan, 2012) and a GAD-7 score of 8 has 83% sensitivity and 84% specificity for diagnosing generalized anxiety disorder (Plummer, Manea, Trepel, & McMillan, 2016).”
From Bringing light into darkness: A multiple baseline mixed methods case series evaluation of Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT) (2019) · cites this paper as Manea, Gilbody, & McMillan, 2012
In the citing paper
“First, a meta-analysis by Manea et al [59] showed that a PHQ-9 cutoff score of ≥8 also has acceptable screening properties; in our sample, there were 22 (8.2%) participants who had scores of ≥8 at both assessments.”
From Digital Biomarkers for Depression Screening With Wearable Devices: Cross-sectional Study With Machine Learning Modeling (2021) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“we chose a PHQ-9 cut off value of 11, in line with the PHQ-9 [22] to separate people with (≥11) from people without (≤10) a clinically relevant depression level.”
From Mobile Sensing and Support for People With Depression: A Pilot Trial in the Wild (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“A score greater than 9 is typically used to identify a likely diagnosis of major depressive disorder [34].”
From Initial Outcomes of Transdiagnostic Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Tailored to Public Safety Personnel: Longitudinal Observational Study (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
Back-translation for cross-cultural research.
Brislin, R. W. (1970) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910457000100301 · Cited by 14,091
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 · Cited by 4,057
Reitsma, J. B., Glas, A. S., Rutjes, A. W. S., Scholten, R. J. P. M., Bossuyt, P. M., & Zwinderman, A. H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.02.022 · Cited by 3,369 · cited 1×
“We performed a bivariate meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates of specificity and sensitivity and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs).(17) We constructed summary receiver operating characteristic curves(17) using the bivariate model to produce a 95% confidence ellipse within the receiver operating chara…”
MethodSystematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care
Tacconelli, E. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7 · Cited by 3,270
How should meta‐regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?
Thompson, S. G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1187 · Cited by 3,026
Deeks, J. J., Macaskill, P., & Irwig, L. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.01.016 · Cited by 2,910
Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests.
Lijmer, J. G. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1061 · Cited by 1,861
Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Brealey, S., & Hewitt, C. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y · Cited by 1,290
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gräfe K, Zipfel S, Herzog W, et al. Screening for psychiatric disorders with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Results from the German validation study. Diagnostica 2004;50:171-81.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,008
Rice, D. B., Kloda, L. A., Levis, B., Qi, B., Kingsland, E., & Thombs, B. D. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.06.002 · Cited by 46
Yu, S., Guo, X., Yang, H. W., Zheng, L., & Sun, Y. (2015) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-015-0517-9 · Cited by 45
Chakraborty, T., Subbiah, G. K., & Damade, Y. (2020) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1719211 · Cited by 45
Xi, L., Fang, F., Zhou, J., Xu, P., Zhang, Y., Zhu, P., Tu, J., & Sun, Q. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.027 · Cited by 45
Iranpour, S., Sabour, S., Koohi, F., & Saadati, H. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.027 · Cited by 45
Inflammatory phenotype of depression symptom structure: A network perspective
Moriarity, D. P., van Borkulo, C., & Alloy, L. B. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.005 · Cited by 45
Jiang, W., Ji, M., Chi, X., & Sun, X. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050689 · Cited by 45
Depression and Internet Use among Older Adolescents: An Experience Sampling Approach
Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A., Koff, R. N., & Eickhoff, J. C. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.329112 · Cited by 48
Negative affectivity as a transdiagnostic factor in patients with common mental disorders
Boehnke, J. R., Lutz, W., & Delgadillo, J. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.023 · Cited by 45
Psychological countermeasures in manned space missions: “EARTH” system for the Mars-500 project
Botella, C., Baños, R., Etchemendy, E., García‐Palacios, A., & Alcañíz, M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.010 · Cited by 44
Paik, S.-H., Cho, H., Chun, J., Jeong, J.-E., & Kim, D. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14121512 · Cited by 46
Davenport, A., Guirguis, A., Almond, M. K., Day, C. J., Chilcot, J., Gane, M. D. S., Fineberg, N. A., Friedl, K., Spencer, B. W. J., Wellsted, D. M., et al. (2018) · Hemodialysis International · doi:10.1111/hdi.12642 · Cited by 44
The patient health questionnaire (PHQ)
Iglesias-González, M., & Díez, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817933-8.00029-3 · Cited by 44
The Long-Run Effects of Psychotherapy on Depression, Beliefs, and Economic OutcomesPreprint
Bhat, B., de Quidt, J., Haushofer, J., Patel, V., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Vautrey, P.-L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.3386/w30011 · Cited by 42
Aljaberi, M. A. A., Alareqe, N. A., Alsalahi, A., Qasem, M. A., Noman, S., Uzir, M. U. H., Mohammed, L. A., Abiddine, F. Z. E., Lin, C., Abdallah, A. M., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277368 · Cited by 49
Tao, Y., Hou, W., Niu, H., Ma, Z., Zheng, Z., Wang, S., Liu, X., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.120 · Cited by 47
Kundu, S., Bakchi, J., Banna, M. H. A., Sayeed, A., Hasan, M. T., Abid, M. T., Ghosh, S. K., Sarker, N., & Khan, M. S. I. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06401 · Cited by 48
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., McCall, H. C., Thiessen, D. L., Huang, Z., Carleton, R. N., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27610 · Cited by 42
Italian validation of the Italian multidimensional psychological flexibility inventory (MPFI)
Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Giovannetti, A. M., Presti, G., Boccolini, G., Cola, A., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.007 · Cited by 39
Vu, L. G., Le, L. K., Dam, A. V. T., Nguyen, S. H., Vu, T. M. T., Trinh, T. T. H., Do, A. L., Minh, N., Le, T. H., Latkin, C. A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.838747 · Cited by 42
Volker, D., Zijlstra-Vlasveld, M. C., Brouwers, E. P. M., Homans, W. A., Emons, W. H. M., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-015-9607-0 · Cited by 42
Behavioral activation versus physical activity via the internet: A randomized controlled trial
Nyström, M. B. T., Stenling, A., Sjöström, E., Neely, G., Lindner, P., Hassmén, P., Andersson, G., Martell, C. R., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.018 · Cited by 43
Effects of acute aerobic exercise or meditation on emotional regulation
Edwards, M. K., Rhodes, R. E., Mann, J. R., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.037 · Cited by 50
The impact of metabolic syndrome on mental health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms
Limon, V. M., Lee, M., Gonzalez, B., Choh, A. C., & Czerwinski, S. A. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02479-5 · Cited by 45
Zhou, X., Zhou, A. Q., & Sun, X. (2021) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2021.1875400 · Cited by 46
Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan
Khan, R., Waqas, A., Mustehsan, Z. H., Khan, A., Sikander, S., Ahmad, I., Jamil, A., Sharif, M., Bilal, S., Zulfiqar, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.584287 · Cited by 45
Held, P., Kovacevic, M., Petrey, K., Meade, E. A., Pridgen, S., Montes, M., Werner, B., Miller, M. L., Smith, D. L., Kaysen, D. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22831 · Cited by 40
Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Butter, S., McBride, O., Hartman, T. K., Karatzias, T., & Bentall, R. P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23446 · Cited by 43
Errázuriz, A., Beltrán, R., Torres, R., & Passi‐Solar, Á. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113975 · Cited by 54
Colledani, D., Anselmi, P., & Robusto, E. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115127 · Cited by 41
Liguori, C., Pierantozzi, M., Chiaravalloti, A., Sancesario, G. M., Mercuri, N. B., Franchini, F., Schillaci, O., & Sancesario, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00038 · Cited by 44
Psychiatric comorbidities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Bhamre, R., Sawrav, S., Adarkar, S. A., Sakaria, R. P., & Bhatia, S. J. (2018) · Indian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s12664-018-0870-9 · Cited by 41
Yuan, J., Ding, R., Wang, L., Li, S., Li, J., & Hu, D. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.03.018 · Cited by 42
Cumbe, V., Muanido, A., Manaca, M. N., Fumo, H., Chiruca, P., Hicks, L., Mari, J. D. J., & Wagenaar, B. H. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02772-0 · Cited by 47
Moreyra, A., Dowtin, L. L., Ocampo, M. J., Perez, E., Borkovi, T., Wharton, E., Simon, S., Armer, E., & Shaw, R. J. (2020) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105279 · Cited by 41
The Major Extremity Trauma Rehabilitation Consortium (METRC) (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000001581 · Cited by 41
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Association between Betrayal Trauma and Dissociative Features
Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Chan, C., & Ross, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221090568 · Cited by 45
Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Ling, H. W.-H., Ross, C. A., & Lam, S. K. K. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105707 · Cited by 42
Zimmerman, M. A. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000342262 · Cited by 42
The Prevalence of Mental Ill Health in Elite Counter-Strike Athletes
Birch, P. D. J., Smith, M. J., Arumuham, A., de Gortari, A. B. O., & Sharpe, B. T. (2024) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2024-0006 · Cited by 40
Johnson, J. A., Sayah, F. A., Wozniak, L., Rees, S., Soprovich, A., Chik, C. L., Chue, P. S., Florence, P., Jacquier, J., Lysak, P., et al. (2012) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-258 · Cited by 42
Kolovos, S., Bosmans, J. E., van Dongen, J. M., van Esveld, B., Magai, D. N., van Straten, A., Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., van Steenbergen-Weijenburg, K. M., Huijbregts, K. M. L., van Marwijk, H., et al. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1536-2 · Cited by 40
The structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in pregnant women in Spain
Marcos-Nájera, R., Le, H., Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R., Crespo, M. E. O., & Méndez, N. I. (2018) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2018.03.011 · Cited by 40
Characteristics of perinatal depression in rural central, India: a cross-sectional study
Rathod, S. D., Honikman, S., Hanlon, C., & Shidhaye, R. R. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-018-0248-5 · Cited by 46
Chopra, D., Garza, R. D. L., & Lacourt, T. E. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05491-0 · Cited by 41
Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Elderly Chilean Primary Care Users
Aslan, J., Félix Cova, S., Saldivia, S., Bustos, C., Inostroza, C., Rincón, P., Ortiz, C., & Vasily Buhring, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555011 · Cited by 43
Diagnostic operating characteristics of PROMIS scales in screening for depression
Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Kean, J. T., Krebs, E. E., Damush, T. M., Bair, M. J., & Monahan, P. O. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110532 · Cited by 43
Kim, M., Jung, S., Park, J. E., Sohn, J. H., Seong, S. J., Kim, B., Chang, S. M., Hong, J. P., Hahm, B., & Yeom, C. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0100 · Cited by 39
Jolley, R., Liang, Z., Peng, M., Pendharkar, S. R., Tsai, W. H., Chen, G., Eastwood, C. A., Quan, H., & Ronksley, P. E. (2018) · International Journal for Population Data Science · doi:10.23889/ijpds.v3i1.448 · Cited by 39
Weiland, T. J., Livera, A. M. D., Brown, C. R., Jelinek, G. A., Aitken, Z., Simpson, S., Neate, S. L., Taylor, K. L., O’Kearney, E., Bevens, W., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01074 · Cited by 40
Physical activity modifies the association between depression and cognitive function in older adults
Hu, L., Smith, L., Imm, K. R., Jackson, S. E., & Yang, L. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.008 · Cited by 39
Khan, M. R., Young, K. E., Caniglia, E. C., Fiellin, D. A., Maisto, S. A., Marshall, B. D. L., Edelman, E. J., Gaither, J. R., Chichetto, N. E., Tate, J., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0895 · Cited by 40
Wu, Y., Levis, B., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000509283 · Cited by 40
Increased Risk of Depression for People Living in Coal Mining Areas of Central Appalachia
HENDRYX, M. S., & Innes-Wimsatt, K. A. (2013) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2013.0029 · Cited by 41
Moriarity, D. P., Slavich, G. M., Alloy, L. B., & Olino, T. M. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.017 · Cited by 39
Graziano, S., Spanò, B., Majo, F., Righelli, D., Vincenzina, L., Quittner, A., & Tabarini, P. (2020) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106147 · Cited by 40
Joyce, C. T., Roseen, E. J., Keysor, J. J., Gross, K. D., Culpepper, L., & Saper, R. B. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.01.072 · Cited by 41
Vrany, E. A., Berntson, J., Khambaty, T., & Stewart, J. C. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9725-0 · Cited by 38
Paulus, M. P., Stein, M. B., Craske, M. G., Bookheimer, S. Y., Taylor, C. T., Simmons, A. N., Sidhu, N. K., Young, K. S., & Fan, B. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.046 · Cited by 39
Post-stroke social networks, depressive symptoms, and disability in Tanzania: A prospective study
Saadi, A., Okeng’o, K., Biseko, M. R., Shayo, A. F., Mmbando, T. N., Grundy, S. J., Xu, A., Parker, R. A., Wibecan, L., Iyer, G. S., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493018772788 · Cited by 38
Mi, R. Z., Hollander, M. M., Jones, C. M. C., DuGoff, E. H., Caprio, T. V., Cushman, J. T., Kind, A., Lohmeier, M., & Shah, M. N. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0792-5 · Cited by 39
Tafoya, S. A., Aldrete–Cortez, V., Ortíz, S., Morales, C. F., Flores, F. J. P., & Monterrosas, A. M. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1552290 · Cited by 40
Logie, C. H., Berry, I., Okumu, M., Loutet, M. G., McNamee, C., Hakiza, R., Musoke, D. K., Mwima, S., Kyambadde, P., & Mbuagbaw, L. C. E. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.11.005 · Cited by 40
Gennaro, F. D., Marotta, C., Ramirez, L., Cardoso, H., Alamo, C., Cinturao, V., Bavaro, D. F., Mahotas, D. C., Lazzari, M., Chenene, F., et al. (2022) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2022.0007 · Cited by 38
Tele, A., Carvajal-Vélez, L., Nyongesa, V., Åhs, J. W., Mwaniga, S., Kathono, J., Yator, O., Njuguna, S., Kanyanya, I., Amin, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.003 · Cited by 43
Braithwaite, R. S., Fang, Y., Tate, J., Mentor, S. M., BRYANT, K. J., Fiellin, D. A., & Justice, A. C. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1117-8 · Cited by 37
Suzuki, K., Kumei, S., Ohhira, M., Nozu, T., & Okumura, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119147 · Cited by 34
Choi, S. K. Y., Boyle, E., Burchell, A. N., Gardner, S. L., Collins, E. J., Grootendorst, P. V., Rourke, S. B., & OHTN Cohort Study Group (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142706 · Cited by 37
Why We Imagine Our Future: Introducing the Functions of Future Thinking Scale (FoFTS)
Hallford, D. J., & D’Argembeau, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09910-2 · Cited by 47
Assessing validity of a depression screening instrument in the absence of a gold standard
Gelaye, B., Tadesse, M. G., Williams, M. A., Fann, J. R., Stoep, A. V., & Zhou, X. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.04.009 · Cited by 37
Angelucci, M., & Bennett, D. (2023) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20210687 · Cited by 53
Bulloch, A. G. M., Fiest, K. M., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., Berzins, S. A., Jetté, N., Pringsheim, T. M., & Patten, S. B. (2015) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.007 · Cited by 36
Kunzweiler, C. P., Bailey, R. C., Okall, D. O., Graham, S. M., Mehta, S. D., & Otieno, F. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1941-0 · Cited by 36
Vartolomei, M. D., Kimura, S., Vartolomei, L., & Shariat, S. F. (2018) · European Urology Focus · doi:10.1016/j.euf.2018.07.006 · Cited by 37
Launes, G., Laukvik, I. L., Sunde, T., Klovning, I., Hagen, K., Solem, S., Öst, L., Hansen, B. K. A., & Kvale, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01069 · Cited by 36
Morillo‐Sarto, H., Barceló‐Soler, A., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Pantilie, B., Navarro‐Gil, M., García‐Campayo, J., & Montero‐Marín, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031327 · Cited by 40
The psychological states of people after Wuhan eased the lockdown
Lu, P., Li, X., Lu, L. J., & Yue, Z. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241173 · Cited by 40
Gu, Y., Zhu, Y., & Xu, G. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020975805 · Cited by 38
Hajek, A., & König, H. (2022) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02047-y · Cited by 38
Luca, R. D., Bonanno, M., & Calabrò, R. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216554 · Cited by 38
Beshai, S., Bueno, C., Yu, M., Feeney, J. R., & Pitariu, A. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103724 · Cited by 43
Eakman, A. M., Schelly, C., & Henry, K. L. (2016) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.016519 · Cited by 35
Cayenne, N. A., Jacobsohn, G. C., Jones, C. M. C., DuGoff, E. H., Cochran, A. L., Caprio, T. V., Cushman, J. T., Green, R. K., Kind, A., Lohmeier, M., et al. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104298 · Cited by 36
Construct validity and factor structure of the Kessler-10 in South Africa
Hoffman, J., Cossie, Q., Ametaj, A., Kim, H. H., James, R., Stroud, R. E., Stevenson, A., Zingela, Z., Stein, D. J., & Gelaye, B. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00883-9 · Cited by 35
A new PHQ-2 for Chinese adolescents: identifying core items of the PHQ-9 by network analysis
Liang, K., Chen, S., Zhao, Y., Ren, Y., Ren, Z., & Chi, X. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00559-1 · Cited by 38
Yin, J., Wang, H., Li, S., Zhao, L., You, Y., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05130-y · Cited by 35
Mohan, J., Xiaofan, G., & Yingxian, S. (2017) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060517701034 · Cited by 35
Piepenburg, S. M., Faller, H., Störk, S., Ertl, G., & Angermann, C. E. (2018) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-018-1348-6 · Cited by 35
van Luenen, S., Garnefski, N., Spinhoven, P., & Kraaij, V. (2018) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30133-4 · Cited by 35
Help Wanted: Mental Health and Social Stressors Among Latino Day Laborers
Hill, C. M., Williams, E. C., & Ornelas, I. J. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319838424 · Cited by 35
Sauer, C., Weis, J., Faller, H., Junne, F., Hönig, K., Bergelt, C., Hornemann, B., Stein, B., Teufel, M., Goerling, U., et al. (2019) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2019.1631471 · Cited by 39
Depressive symptoms and its associated factors among prisoners in Debre Berhan prison, Ethiopia
Reta, Y., Getachew, R., Tesema, M. B., Kale, B., Workie, K., & Gebreegziabhere, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220267 · Cited by 37
Dzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Stoyanov, D., Petrova, N., Novakov, S. S., & Dimitrova, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052538 · Cited by 35
Hyland, P., Rochford, S., Munnelly, A., Dodd, P. C., Fox, R. J., Vallières, F., McBride, O., Shevlin, M. E., Bentall, R. P., Butter, S., et al. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12783 · Cited by 34
Macalli, M., Texier, N., Schück, S., Côté, S. M., & Tzourio, C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00471-8 · Cited by 35
Vilca, L. W., Chávez, B. V., Fernández, Y. S., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., & White, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02542-5 · Cited by 38
Ryu, J., Jeong, A., Min, J., Lee, D. H., Lee, J., Song, I. H., & Jeon, J. Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.097 · Cited by 35
Prevalence and correlates of dissociative symptoms among people with depression
Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Lam, S. K. K., & Ross, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.054 · Cited by 36
Shevlin, M. E., Redican, E., Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., McBride, O., Bennett, K. M., Butter, S., Hartman, T. K., Vallières, F., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02469-1 · Cited by 39
Berntson, J., Stewart, K. R., Vrany, E. A., Khambaty, T., & Stewart, J. C. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.041 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2011-12-19
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- E191-E196
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC3281183
- OpenAlex
- W2099274262
- Cited by
- 1,966
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 157 · 2025: 204 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 232 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2009-03-004)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- PHQ-9, depression screening, major depressive disorder, cut-off values, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio, summary receiver operating characteristic, questionnaire validation
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Odds Ratio
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
