Missing covariate data in clinical research: when and when not to use the missing-indicator method for analysis
Open accessAbstract
Missing data are a frequently encountered problem in epidemiologic and clinical research.[1][1],[2][2] One approach is to include in the analysis only those participants without missing observations (complete or available case analysis).[1][1]–[4][3] However, in addition to reducing statistical
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- Authors
- Groenwold, R. H. H., White, I. R., Donders, A. R. T., Carpenter, J. R., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2012-02-27
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1265-1269
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC3414599
- OpenAlex
- W2122717603
- Cited by
- 538
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (C5529)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (917-46-360)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G026300/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- missing data, complete case analysis, multiple imputation, missing data mechanisms, clinical research
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Statistics as Topic, Bias, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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