Cited by 707Opioid Use Disorder TreatmentPain Management and Opioid UseAnesthesia and Pain Management

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Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain

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Busse, Jason W., Craigie, Samantha, Juurlink, David N., Buckley, D. Norman, Wang, Li, Couban, Rachel J., Agoritsas, Thomas, Akl, Elie A., Carrasco-Labra, Alonso, Cooper, Lynn, Cull, Chris, da Costa, Bruno R., Frank, Joseph W., Grant, Gus, Iorio, Alfonso, Persaud, Navindra, Stern, Sol, Tugwell, Peter, Vandvik, Per Olav, Guyatt, Gordon H.·2017·Canadian Medical Association Journal

DOI 10.1503/cmaj.170363PMC PMC5422149

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Abstract

Chronic noncancer pain includes any painful condition that persists for at least three months and is not associated with malignant disease.[1][1] According to seven national surveys conducted between 1994 and 2008, 15%–19% of Canadian adults live with chronic noncancer pain.[2][2] Chronic

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GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
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“” These guidelines typically promote opioid tapering or cessation and advise against long-term opioid prescription to prevent risks of dependence and serious adverse events such as overdoses.(5,6) This new era of “opioid pharmacovigilance”(7) is catalyzing major changes in the medical management of people living with…”
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Improve the Dysfunction of Descending Pain Modulatory System Related to Opioids in Chronic Non-cancer Pain: An Integrative Review of Neurobiology and Meta-Analysis
Zortéa, M., Ramalho, L., Alves, R. L., Alves, C. F. D. S., Braulio, G., Torres, I. L. D. S., Fregni, F., & Caumo, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01218 · Cited by 57
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Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine
Ornello, R., Caponnetto, V., Ahmed, F., Al‐Khazali, H. M., Ambrosini, A., Ashina, S., Baraldi, C., Bellotti, A., Brighina, F., Calabresi, P., et al. (2025) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024241305381 · Cited by 65
Trends of Opioid Utilisation in Denmark: A Nationwide Study
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Chronic pain diagnoses and opioid dispensings among insured individuals with serious mental illness
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“Healthcare providers should be especially conservative in prescribing opioids for individuals with mental illness – or avoid opioid therapy altogether for this population, consistent with the current Canadian Medical Association recommendation [66] – and instead, favor non-pharmacological alternatives [16] such as beh…”
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Cannabis for medical use versus opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
Jeddi, H. M., Busse, J. W., Sadeghirad, B., Levine, M., Zoratti, M. J., Wang, L., Noori, A., Couban, R., & Tarride, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068182 · Cited by 62
Self-citation
Guideline-recommended vs high-dose long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain is associated with better health outcomes: data from a representative sample of the German population
Häuser, W., Schubert, T., Scherbaum, N., & Tölle, T. R. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001067 · Cited by 52
“In Germany, the MEQ/d requiring attention is 120 mg/d(16) and that for Canada is 90 mg/d.(3) The recommendations for threshold doses of MEQ/d were based for all 3 guidelines on (1) lack of evidence for a dosedependent efficacy of opioids, (2) evidence for negative health outcomes associated with LTOT including overdos…”
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A rapid access to addiction medicine clinic facilitates treatment of substance use disorder and reduces substance use
Wiercigroch, D., Sheikh, H., & Hulme, J. (2020) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-019-0250-1 · Cited by 51
“5% risk of addiction, are still widely prescribed [3] and opioid-related deaths continue to rise in Canada [4].”
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Self-reported use of family physician, chiropractor and physiotherapy services among adult Canadians with chronic back disorders: an observational study
Bath, B. L., Lawson, J., Ma, D., & Trask, C. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3790-6 · Cited by 49
Pain polymorphisms and opioids: An evidence based review
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“Another factor that must be considered, when assessing opioid responses, is that several opioids including codeine, tramadol, oxycodone and hydrocodone are affected by variations in metabolism, mediated by cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6, resulting in unpredictable effects in individuals (18,28).”
Background
Canadian Guidelines on Opioid Use Disorder Among Older Adults
Rieb, L. M., Samaan, Z., Furlan, A. D., Rabheru, K., Feldman, S., Hung, L., Budd, G., & Coleman, D. (2020) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.23.420 · Cited by 55
Consensus‐based recommendations for titrating cannabinoids and tapering opioids for chronic pain control
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“The timeline for the frequency of dose reduction is broad to allow for patient tailoring, and is similar to previously published opioid tapering recommendations.(1,3) More recently, the U.”
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Patterns of User Engagement With the Mobile App, Manage My Pain: Results of a Data Mining Investigation
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“By tracking opioid use and pain severity over the next several years we will be in a position to provide important Manage My Pain user data on the extent to which the new opioid prescribing guidelines in the United States [34] and Canada [35] are associated with changes in these parameters.”
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Practical Strategies Using Medical Cannabis to Reduce Harms Associated With Long Term Opioid Use in Chronic Pain
MacCallum, C. A., Eadie, L., Barr, A. M., Boivin, M. R., & Lu, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.633168 · Cited by 72
“Opioid-use disorder, overdose, diversion, and escalating doses with opioid tolerance are associated with significant morbidity and mortality (Jones et al., 2015; Busse et al., 2017; Jones et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Management of Opioid Use Disorder in the Emergency Department: A White Paper Prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine
Strayer, R. J., Hawk, K. F., Hayes, B. D., Herring, A. A., Ketcham, E. M., LaPietra, A. M., Lynch, J. J., Motov, S. M., Repanshek, Z. D., Weiner, S. G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.12.034 · Cited by 47
Opioids for chronic osteoarthritis pain: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety in randomized placebo‐controlled studies of at least 4 weeks double‐blind duration
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“…is considered, the recommended dosages of recent evidence-based guidelines on long-term opioid treatment for non-cancer pain should be followed which range between 90 mg morphine equivalent (MEQ)/d (Busse et al., 2017; Dowell, Haegerich, & Chou, 2016) and 150 mg MEQ/day (Moisset & Martinez, 2016).”
Background
Tranexamic Acid Administration in Arthroscopic Surgery Is a Safe Adjunct to Decrease Postoperative Pain and Swelling: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Goldstein, K., Jones, C., Kay, J., Shin, J. J., & de SA, D. L. (2021) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.10.001 · Cited by 45
Challenges of implementing safer supply programs in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis
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Association of Opioid Consumption Profiles After Hospitalization With Risk of Adverse Health Care Events
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Novel Endomorphin Analogs Are More Potent and Longer-Lasting Analgesics in Neuropathic, Inflammatory, Postoperative, and Visceral Pain Relative to Morphine
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European clinical practice recommendations on opioids for chronic noncancer pain – Part 2: Special situations*
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Development and validation of a clinical prediction score for poor postoperative pain control following elective spine surgery
Yang, M. M. H., Riva-Cambrin, J. K., Cunningham, J., Jetté, N., Sajobi, T. T., Soroceanu, A., Lewkonia, P. D., Jacobs, W. B., & Casha, S. (2020) · Journal of Neurosurgery Spine · doi:10.3171/2020.5.spine20347 · Cited by 42
Patient-reported outcomes in those consuming medical cannabis: a prospective longitudinal observational study in chronic pain patients
Meng, H., Pagé, M. G., Ajrawat, P., Deshpande, A., Samman, B., Dominicis, M., Ladha, K. S., Fiorellino, J., Huang, A., Kotteeswaran, Y., et al. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-020-01903-1 · Cited by 42
Lacking evidence for the association between frequent urine drug screening and health outcomes of persons on opioid agonist therapy
McEachern, J., Adye-White, L., Priest, K. C., Moss, E., Gorfinkel, L., Wood, E., Cullen, W., & Klimas, J. (2018) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.006 · Cited by 38
“Most trials involving chronic pain patients often specifically exclude people with substance use disorders (Busse et al., 2017).”
Background
Associations Between Opioid Prescribing Patterns and Overdose Among Privately Insured Adolescents
Groenewald, C. B., Zhou, C., Palermo, T. M., & Cleve, W. V. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-4070 · Cited by 38
Cannabis for pain in orthopedics: a systematic review focusing on study methodology
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Beyond the black stump: rapid reviews of health research issues affecting regional, rural and remote Australia
Osborne, S. R., Piper, D. A., Alston, L. V., Bolton, K. A., Whelan, J., Reeve, E., Shee, A. W., Browne, J., Walker, T., Versace, V. L., et al. (2020) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50881 · Cited by 49
What interventions are effective to taper opioids in patients with chronic pain?
Sandhu, H. K., Underwood, M. R., Furlan, A. D., Noyes, J., & Eldabe, S. S. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2990 · Cited by 37
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Hayashi, M., Hamdy, D. A., & Mahmoud, S. H. (2021) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.08.009 · Cited by 38
Depression in chronic pain: might opioids be responsible?
Mazereeuw, G., Sullivan, M. D., & Juurlink, D. N. (2018) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001305 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
A Systematic Review of Behavioral Interventions to Decrease Opioid Prescribing After Surgery
Zhang, D. D. Q., Sussman, J., Dossa, F., Jivraj, N. K., Ladha, K. S., Brar, S., Urbach, D. R., Tricco, A. C., Wijeysundera, D. N., Clarke, H. A., et al. (2019) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000003483 · Cited by 35
Characterisation of concurrent use of prescription opioids and benzodiazepine/Z-drugs in Alberta, Canada: a population-based study
Sharma, V., Weir, D. L., Samanani, S., Simpson, S. H., Gilani, F., Jess, E., & Eurich, D. T. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030858 · Cited by 35
“IntErPrEtAtIOn Many reputable clinical resources indicate that benzodiazepine receptor modulators should not be combined with opioids, yet this study showed that nearly 20% of patients using an opioid did so in combination with a benzodiazepine receptor modulator in Alberta.(1) 14 15 Those on >90 mg OME had the highes…”
Influential
Pain management with opioids in adults
Montgomery, L. S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24695 · Cited by 39
“Current Canadian practice guidelines situate opioids as a potential option for patients who have tried all other evidence-based therapies and lack major risk factors for OUD or severe opioid toxicity (Busse et al., 2017).”
Background
Risk factors for indicators of opioid-related harms amongst people living with chronic non-cancer pain: Findings from a 5-year prospective cohort study
Campbell, G., Noghrehchi, F., Nielsen, S., Clare, P. J., Bruno, R., Lintzeris, N., Cohen, M. L., Blyth, F., Hall, W., Larance, B., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100592 · Cited by 36
“Introduction In the past two decades, there has been a dramatic increase in long-term opioid prescribing for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in the United States [1], Canada [2], the United Kingdom [3] and Australia [4].”
Background
Long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain: second update of the German guidelines
Petzke, F. W., Bock, F., Hüppe, M., Nothacker, M., Norda, H., Radbruch, L., Schiltenwolf, M., Schüler, M., Tölle, T. R., Viniol, A., et al. (2020) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000840 · Cited by 34
“With the objective to help mitigate the opioid crisis in North America, Canadian guidelines for opioid therapy and CNCP were updated in 2017.(4) In contrast to the 2010 version,(14) in which most statements supported the prescribing of opioids, 7 of 10 recommendations of the 2017 version focussed on harm reduction.”
Background
Barriers and enablers to monitoring and deprescribing opioid analgesics for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review with qualitative evidence synthesis using the Theoretical Domains Framework
Cross, A. J., Buchbinder, R., Mathieson, S., Bourne, A., Maher, C. G., Lin, C. C., & O’Connor, D. A. (2022) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2021-014186 · Cited by 38
Tapering opioids: a comprehensive qualitative review
Davis, M. P., Digwood, G., Mehta, Z., & McPherson, M. L. (2020) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm.2019.12.10 · Cited by 33
“For slow tapers, the general rule is that the duration of the taper should be proportional to the duration of the opioid therapy (163).”
Background
Factors associated with 60-day adherence to “safer supply” opioids prescribed under British Columbia's interim clinical guidance for health care providers to support people who use drugs during COVID-19 and the ongoing overdose emergency
Selfridge, M., Card, K., Kandler, T., Flanagan, E., Lerhe, E., Heaslip, A., Nguyen, A., Moher, M., Pauly, B., Urbanoski, K., et al. (2022) · The International journal on drug policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103709 · Cited by 29
Patient Values and Preferences Regarding Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Systematic Review
Goshua, A., Craigie, S., Guyatt, G. H., Agarwal, A., Li, R., Bhullar, J. S., Scott, N., Chahal, J., Pavalagantharajah, S., Chang, Y., et al. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx274 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Comparing the contribution of prescribed opioids to opioid-related hospitalizations across Canada: A multi-jurisdictional cross-sectional study
Gomes, T., Khuu, W., Craiovan, D., Martins, D., Hunt, J., Lee, K., Tadrous, M., Mamdani, M., Paterson, J. M., & Juurlink, D. N. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.028 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Painful lives: Chronic pain experience among people who use illicit drugs in Montreal (Canada)
Dassieu, L., Kaboré, J., Choinière, M., Arruda, N., & Roy, É. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112734 · Cited by 31

Authors: Busse, J. W., Craigie, S., Juurlink, D. N., Buckley, D. N., Wang, L., Couban, R. J., Agoritsas, T., Akl, E. A., Carrasco-Labra, A., Cooper, L., Cull, C., da Costa, B. R., Frank, J. W., Grant, G., Iorio, A., Persaud, N., Stern, S., Tugwell, P., Vandvik, P. O., & Guyatt, G. H.
Affiliations: University of Bern (CH)
ORCID: Busse, Jason W.
Juurlink, David N.
Buckley, D. Norman
Wang, Li
Couban, Rachel J.
Agoritsas, Thomas
Akl, Elie A.
Cooper, Lynn
Cull, Chris
Frank, Joseph W.
Iorio, Alfonso
Persaud, Navindra
Tugwell, Peter
Vandvik, Per Olav
Guyatt, Gordon H.
Venue: Canadian Medical Association Journal
Publisher: CMA Impact Inc.
Published: 2017-05-07
Volume: 189
Issue: 18
Pages: E659-E666
ISSN: 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
1488-2329
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170363
PMC: PMC5422149
OpenAlex: W2612284626
Cited by: 707
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 29
FWCI: 73.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Locations: Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2 HX001914)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
Keywords: opioid therapy, chronic non-cancer pain, pain management, opioid prescribing
MeSH terms: Analgesics, Opioid, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Pain Measurement, Primary Health Care, Treatment Outcome, Drug Monitoring, Chronic Pain

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