The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pressed for Time? Goal Conflict Shapes how Time is Perceived, Spent, and Valued
Abstract
Why do consumers often feel pressed for time? This research provides a novel answer to this question: consumers’ subjective perceptions of goal conflict. The authors show that beyond the number of goals competing for consumers’ time, perceived conflict between goals makes them feel that they have less time. Five experiments demonstrate that perceiving greater conflict between goals makes people feel time constrained and that stress and anxiety drive this effect. These effects, which generalize across a variety of goals and types of conflict (both related and unrelated to demands on time), influence how consumers spend time as well as how much they are willing to pay to save time. The authors identify two simple interventions that can help consumers mitigate goal conflict's negative effects: slow breathing and anxiety reappraisal. Together, the findings shed light on the factors that drive how consumers perceive, spend, and value their time.
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“The time perception measure [49] is a five-item questionnaire that has a good level of reliability (α = 0.89).”
Citations
Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1040 · DOI
- Hinkle Lawrence E., 1973, Science, Medicine, and Man, 1, 31
- Robinson John P., 1998, Society and Leisure, 21, 473
- Rudd Melanie, 2013, “Being Present: Expanding Consumers’ Perceptions of Time Through Momentary Temporal Focus,”
- Zuzanek Jiri, 2004, Work and Leisure, 123
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Ott, T., Bosc, M., Sanders, J. I., Masset, P., & Kepecs, Á. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627552
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“The time-scarcity perspective has been widely adopted across a variety of fields (DeVoe and Pfeffer, 2007, 2011; Döring, 1995; Etkin et al., 2015).”
InfluentialLi, Z., Liu, J., & Yu, X. (2025) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.14651
Shi, H., Song, S., Deng, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.70074
For the Fun of It Harnessing Immediate Rewards to Increase Persistence in Long-Term GoalsPreprint
Ayelet Fishbach, B., & Woolley, K. (2017) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Whelan, L., McLean, S., Edwards, A., Glagovski, S., Huglin, J., Golder, J. E., & Foster, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s562058
“33 This experience of competing time demands often occurred with the AHA representative, creating a barrier to collaboration between the AHA and AHP CP.”
How Scent Arousal Influences Consumers’ Decision-Making: A Heuristic-Systematic Model Perspective
Li, F., Chang, X., Yada, K., Yang, S., & Li, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/14707853261445481
“Although this observed decoupling could potentially re fl ect an anxiety response to time pressure (Etkin et al., 2015), our evidence is more consistent with a cognitive overload account.”
Hierarchical Account of Emotional Mimicry: Executive Control and Resource ConstraintsPreprint
Yengisetty, E. N., & Khan, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9531223/v1
The speed-watching paradox: how accelerated viewing alters time perception and consumer behavior
Hayran, C., & Dogerlioglu‐Demir, K. (2026) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116345
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Lin, Y., & Agarwal, J. (2026) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/10946705261453760
Time poverty increases self‐dehumanization through undermining belief in free will
Jiang, X., & Sun, X. (2026) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.70096
Designing for Health Goal Disengagement and Prioritization
Agnihotri, M. (2026) · ACM Interactive Health Conference · doi:10.1145/3786579.3801803
“Multiple Goals, Life Responsibilities and Self-care Modern life demands individuals to continuously prioritize between multiple, ongoing demands [18, 32].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Etkin, J., Evangelidis, I., & Aaker, J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etkin, Jordan
- Evangelidis, Ioannis
- Aaker, Jennifer
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 394-406
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W2152697593
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Keywords
- goal conflict, time perception, time constraints, time management, value of time, stress, anxiety, slow-paced breathing, consumer behavior
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