The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pressed for Time? Goal Conflict Shapes how Time is Perceived, Spent, and Valued
Abstract
Why do consumers often feel pressed for time? This research provides a novel answer to this question: consumers’ subjective perceptions of goal conflict. The authors show that beyond the number of goals competing for consumers’ time, perceived conflict between goals makes them feel that they have less time. Five experiments demonstrate that perceiving greater conflict between goals makes people feel time constrained and that stress and anxiety drive this effect. These effects, which generalize across a variety of goals and types of conflict (both related and unrelated to demands on time), influence how consumers spend time as well as how much they are willing to pay to save time. The authors identify two simple interventions that can help consumers mitigate goal conflict's negative effects: slow breathing and anxiety reappraisal. Together, the findings shed light on the factors that drive how consumers perceive, spend, and value their time.
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“The time perception measure [49] is a five-item questionnaire that has a good level of reliability (α = 0.89).”
Citations
Cites
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Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034449 · Cited by 1,665
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1040 · DOI
- Hinkle Lawrence E., 1973, Science, Medicine, and Man, 1, 31
- Robinson John P., 1998, Society and Leisure, 21, 473
- Rudd Melanie, 2013, “Being Present: Expanding Consumers’ Perceptions of Time Through Momentary Temporal Focus,”
- Zuzanek Jiri, 2004, Work and Leisure, 123
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why time poverty matters for individuals, organisations and nations
Giurge, L. M., Whillans, A. V., & West, C. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0920-z · Cited by 288
A multicountry perspective on gender differences in time use during COVID-19
Giurge, L. M., Whillans, A. V., & Yemiscigil, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018494118 · Cited by 186
“It is possible that some of the happiness decreases among women that resulted from the additional provision of household chores is driven by the goal conflict of not being able to be an ideal employee and parent simultaneously (10, 15).”
For the Fun of It: Harnessing Immediate Rewards to Increase Persistence in Long-Term Goals
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv098 · Cited by 158
A Measure Whose Time has Come: Formalizing Time Poverty
Williams, J. R., Masuda, Y. J., & Tallis, H. M. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1029-z · Cited by 155
Does Variety Among Activities Increase Happiness?
Etkin, J., & Mogilner, C. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw021 · Cited by 115
“…longer than an hour), but because time is subjectively experienced, a given period of time (e.g., an hour) can be perceived as longer or shorter (Ahn, Liu, and Soman 2009; Etkin, Evangelidis, and Aaker 2015; Mogilner, Chance, and Norton 2012; Rudd, Vohs, and Aaker 2012; Zauberman et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Etkin, J., Evangelidis, I., & Aaker, J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etkin, Jordan
- Evangelidis, Ioannis
- Aaker, Jennifer
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 394-406
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W2152697593
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Keywords
- goal conflict, time perception, time constraints, time management, value of time, stress, anxiety, slow-paced breathing, consumer behavior
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